Ryan Hendrickson looks at how Sweden has managed to get the best from both neutrality and NATO

Hendrickson, Ryan C.

English

Uvodni dio opisuje tipove plinova koji se ukapljuju. Zatim sagledavamo mogućnosti njegovog korištenja kao i njegovu podjelu u odnosu na prijevoz morskim putem tj. brodom, odnosno na smjene LPG i LNG plinova. Nadalje, rad opisuje brodsko pristanište tj. terminale za ukrcaj i iskrcaj tereta kao i njegove najvažnije dijelove u okviru navedenih radnji. Istodobno se spominju spremnici za teret te njihova zaštita od eventualnog požara i eksplozije. U poglavlju rukovanjem teretom navedeni su i opisani načini na koji je moguće ukapljivati plinove. Na kojem se ukazuje na radnje koje je potrebno obaviti prije rukovanja teretom u brodske spremnike u odnosu na vrstu broda. Također opisan je postupak ukrcaja hlađenih kao i ukrcaj polu – pod tlakom brodova.In the introduction you can see what types of gases we liquify. Further we will observe ways of their use and also their classification regarding ship transport, that means differences between LPG and LNG gases. Further this paper describes the port, that means, loading and discharge terminals and also their main components regarding loading and discharge. At the some time I will mention cargo tanks and their safety measures concerning fire and explosion hazard. In the chapter cargo handling it is described how the gases can be liquified, and it is also mentioned what actions must be taken prior filling up the cargo tanks depending on ships type. Also described is the procedure of loading of cooled and semi – pressurised ships

Kovačev, Anton

University of Split Repository

Liquefaction of Gas

Eastern Illinois University

Eastern Illinois UniversityThe KeepFaculty Research and Creative Activity Political ScienceOctober 2007History : Sweden's partnership with NATORyan C. HendricksonEastern Illinois University, rchendrickson@eiu.eduFollow this and additional works at: http://thekeep.eiu.edu/polisci_facPart of the Political Science CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Research andCreative Activity by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact tabruns@eiu.edu.Recommended CitationHendrickson, Ryan C., "History : Sweden's partnership with NATO" (2007). Faculty Research and Creative Activity. 5.http://thekeep.eiu.edu/polisci_fac/5History : Sweden's partnership with NATO Ryan Hendrtckson looks at how SWeden has managed to get the beat fTOm both neutrality and NA TO For many of !he past 170 years, Sweden has had a policy of"neutrality" in its foreign affairs. Staning wilh King Kan XIV Johan in !he earty 19111 cenrury, Sweden avoided military engagement in lntematlonal conftlcts. It is no coincidence that the countJy has not been at war since 1814. But since the mid 1990s, Sweden has increasingly cooperated with NATO. And It Is now developing Into a countJy that can play a significant role as a security provider and vital Partner 10 the Allies. Not so neutral in international diplomacy Ds;fo'NIJC OIO: Thi f.tSl ~-Sh s.ct.twy Gtnttll or the lh.teo NaUoN. 010 tllnl'r6'S~ (OAP/_..) In !he aftermalh ofWond war II, !he official policy from Sweden was one of neutrality. Yet wilh !he creation of !he United Nations, It was also dear !hat Sweden wanted 10 see demoaacy advance and !he proteC1ion of human rights. To help achieve lhese goals, It put forward skilled diplomats to help shape !he international political agenda. Among Swedish diplomats who played such roles, perhaps most significant during !he post World War II era was the "visionary Dag Hammarskjold, the United Nations Secretary General. Hammarsk)Old was a founding strategist in calling for the presence of International peacekeepers to help stabilize International political crises, which today Is a central component of NATO's post cold war mission. Other Swedes, Including former Prime Minister Olof Palme, and more reoentiy Rolf Eke us, Hans Blix and Jan Ellasson, have also played significant diplomatic roles In United Nations peace and security missions. These have provided improvements In countries such as Iraq, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia and Sudan. Even today, Sweden's foreign minister, Carl BildL is notable for his earlier role In encouraging peace and reooncillation In the Balkans. Now la ngly lllallnG to uta Ila mlllilry, afte>rl .,., concert wtlh ~TO. !o bulld upon 11a di ac li<llJ• Using skilled diplomats in lntemabonal mediation is almost a Scandinavian trail For example, Norway's diplomats also play a lead role In International diplomacy, such as in !he lsraeli..f>alesdnian 'Oslo aooords'. Norway, as a member of NATO deany combines !his diplomacy with its mllltary all lances. But now, Sweden is increasingly starting to use Its military, often in concert with NATO, to build upon its diplomatic skills too. Sweden's evolution with NATO Although officially neutral during the Cold War, historical analyses published by the Swedish government In the 1990s highlighted Sweden's close ties with several NATO Allies. Almost from NATO's creation , Swedish officials felt that if attacked, a de facto security guarantee was in place from some of !he Al lies. So, In this respect. Sweden was anything but neutral. And it has a long his!Ory of working quletiy with NA TO Allies on joint secunty Issues. Despite these agreements Sweden knew it could not neglect its own defence and military needs. It understood the need for a professional and modern military, capable of defending the country. Today, Sweden's long-term military modernization and defence spending has created a professional, well equipped force. This includes modern transport and combat aircraft, as well as 15 military units that are prepared to engage In international operations. And its continued investment in ensuring that its JAS 39 Grip en aircraft are interoperable with NATO air forces makes Sweden an Increasingly compatible Partner state. So both NATO and Sweden saw the potential benefits when NATO announced the creation of its Partnership for Peace (PIP) plan In 1994. Sweden almost immediately became an official "Partner" with the Allies. The PfP agreement gives Sweden an extensive relationship with the Allies, including activities such as joint training operations in international rescue management and participation in NATO's mine clearing programmes In Albania and Serbia. In 1997, Sweden also became a member of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Today, Sweden is one of the Allies' most visible supporters among NATO's many partnering countries. In September this year, for example, Sweden posted 260 troops as the lead country for NATO's Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Mazar-a-Sharif, Afghanistan. It also has some 300 troops In NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR). Swedish troops are not limited to NATO operations. There are still 240 Swedish peacekeepers in the United Nations mission in Liberia, as well as about 70 troops In the European Union (EU) mission In Bosnia. Sweden's missions - far and fast S·~ backs up 11s diploma.UC v.citk 'Mth boo!S on the~ {Cl Rci<ard Wssman/Con'bat Cameta!SweGsh Defence Force ) Crucially, Sweden has also shown that its Armed Forces are deployable at short notice. In 2003, it was one of the lead states to place Special Forces in the EU mission in Bunia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which helped avert a wider humanitarian crisis. Sweden Is reforming its Armed Forces to become even more deployable and professional, mirroring NATO's calls for military transformation. This aim was reftected in its 2004 and 2005 Defence Resolutions. Its transition Is best illustrated in its commitment to create the Nordic Battlegroup, a multilateral military framework including Estonia, Finland and Noiway, by 2008. The group will support the European Union's efforts to form its own rapid reaction forces. Crudally, S..'Oden has also shown that Its armed forces ""' deployable at sh0t1 noece Similarly, Sweden has remained active in training missions for the newly created NATO Response Force. And, over the last decade, it has cooperated extensively with NATO's Baltic Allies, assisting them in their force and defence transformations, while also enhancing its joint air and sea surveillance activities with NATO neighbour Noiway. However, for all these advances, there remains one area of serious concern -Sweden's decreasing percentage of military spending since 2001. By 2005, Sweden's percentage of gross domestic product devoted to military expenditures was only 1.5 percent. While much of its defence budget was devoted to research and development as well as weapons acquisitions, this steady descent will limit its more ambitious military modernization goals. This played a role in the resignation of Defence Minister Mikael Odenberg earlier this year. Lessons learned What lessons can we draw from the Sweden-NATO relationship? Firs~ that NATO has found ways to Integrate non-aligned countries and new Partners Into the Alliance in significant ways. Second, although SWeden remains "militarily non-aligned; 11 is clear that It ls anything but neutral when it comes to NATO. hs activities in Afghanistan. Kosovo, In NATO training operations and In force modernization mean sweeten has both the polltical will and the military capabilities to be a real ·security provider" for the Allies. Finally, Sweden's leadership roles In the Provincial Reconstruction Teams In Mazar~harif, Afghanistan and KFOR Indicate that Sweden is helping shape international political agendas through military, as well as the traditional diplomatic, means. The Nordic Battlegroup IS In many ways an excellent example of Swedish foreign and security policy. 11 entails multilateral cooperation, defence modernization, joint efforts with two of NATO's Allies, but still a degree of Independence from the European Union and NATO. Commitment, but not membership Sweden understands that modern security threats need multilateral cooperation and an active military presence abroad; being ·neutral" to terrorism and massive violations of human rights is an untenable policy. At the same time, while most Swedes support these policy changes, there Is much less support for official membership in NATO. In some respeCIS, Sweden's long-standing relationship with NATO Is unique. But In other ways, the relationship demonstrates that - even if domestic audiences do not yet fully support Alliance membership· there are ways in Which EAPC and PfP members can make Important contributions to the Allies' security objectives. As Sweden has demonstrated many times, full membership in NATO Is not always a necessity for countries wanting to play a meaningful role In the world's evolving security environment. 

History : Sweden\u27s partnership with NATO

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History : Sweden\u27s partnership with NATO

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