Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi specifičnosti depresije u ranoj, srednjoj i kasnoj adolescenciji, učestalost depresije po dobi adolescenata te raspodjelu depresije po spolu. Također je cilj prikazati komorbiditetna stanja koja su najčešća u adolescenciji, analizirati njihovu pojavnost s obzirom na tri faze adolescencije.
U istraživanje su uključeni adolescenti s dijagnozom depresije koji su posjećivali ambulantu za dječju i adolescentnu psihijatriju. Podaci potrebni za istraživanje prikupljeni su iz medicinske dokumentacije Poliklinike za rehabilitaciju osoba sa smetnjama u razvoju u Splitu. Podaci su uneseni i analitički obrađeni u programu Microsoft Office Excel 2010.
Ovim istraživanjem analizirano je 105 pacijenata s depresijom. Što se tiče raspodjele depresije prema spolu, nešto je učestalija kod ženske djece s 52%. U ranoj adolescenciji bilo je više depresivnih dječaka. Za razliku od rane, u srednjoj i kasnoj adolescenciji je depresija bila izraženija u adolescentica. Najveća učestalost depresije bila je u 17. godini.
Što se tiče specifičnosti depresije u ranoj adolescenciji je najveća učestalost poremećaja ponašanja, tikova, te selektivnog mutizma. U srednjoj adolescenciji ponovno dominiraju poremećaji ponašanja a slijede ih psihotična depresija, školska fobija i mucanje. U kasnoj adolescenciji kao i u ranoj i srednjoj, najveća je učestalost poremećaja ponašanja nakon kojih slijedi školska fobija i psihotični oblici depresije.
Najveću učestalost u komorbiditetu je imalo ovisničko ponašanje koje čini čak 34% ukupnog komorbiditeta. Na drugom mjestu je depresija povezana s organskim uzrocima koja čini 24% ukupnog komorbiditeta. 17 % ukupnog komorbiditeta otpada na opsesivno kompulzivni poremećaj. U ranoj adolescenciji dominira depresija povezana s organskim uzrocima, u srednjoj najviše je bilo opsesivno kompulzivnog ponašanja, a u kasnoj adolescenciji najviše adolescenata je pokazivalo ovisničko ponašanje. U ranoj i srednjoj adolescenciji ovisničko ponašanje je dominantno u muške djece i u tim slučajevima se radi o ovisnosti o kompjuterskim igricama za razliku od kasne adolescencije u kojoj dominira ovisničko ponašanje kod ženskih adolescenta i tim slučajevima se radi o ovisnosti o raznim drogama. Učestalost izolirane depresije je samo 27% u odnosu na depresiju s komorbiditetom koje čini 73%.
Depresija mijenja obličje od rane do kasne adolescencije. Nešto je učestalija kod adolescentica te je u velikom broju slučajeva popraćena poremećajima ponašanja. Ovisničko ponašanje često prati depresiju te postoji razlika među spolovima u izboru ovisničkog ponašanja.The aim of this study was to determine the distinctiveness of depression in the three phases of adolescence, the frequency of depression according to the age of the adolescents and the distribution of depression by gender. Also our goal was to show the comorbid conditions that are most common in adolescence, analyze their appearance according to the three phases of adolescence.
The study included adolescents that were diagnosed with depression and frequented the infirmary for child and adolescent psychiatry. The data was collected from the medical documentation of the Polyclinic for rehabilitation of persons with developmental difficulties in Split. The data was entered and analyzed analytically using Microsoft Office Excel 2010.
We analyzed 105 patients with depression. Regarding the distribution by gender, depression was more often found with female adolescents (52%). In early adolescence depression was more often found with boys. In median and late adolescence, depression was more often found with female adolescents. We found that the biggest frequency of depression was with adolescents aged 17.
Specifically, behavioral disorders, tics and selective mutism were the most frequent of disorders in early adolescence. Behavioral disorders, psychotic depression, school phobia and stutter were the dominant disorders in median adolescence. In late adolescence we most often found behavioral disorders followed by school phobia and psychotic depression.
Regarding comorbidity, 34% of the complete comorbidity was made up of addictive behavior. The second most often disorder was the depression connected with organic diseases which made up 24% of the comorbidity. 17% of the comorbidity was made out of obsessive compulsive disorder. In early adolescence, depression connected with organic diseases was most common, in the median adolescence obsessive compulsive disorder was most common and in the late adolescence addictive behavior was most common. Addictive behavior in early and median adolescence was more often found with boys and it manifested itself as computer game addiction. In late adolescence it manifested itself as substance addiction and it was more often found with female adolescents. The frequency of isolated depression was 27% compared to the depression connected with comorbidity which made up 73% of the total ddepression.
Depression changes its form from early to late adolescence. It’s somewhat more frequent with female adolescents and in most cases is followed by behavioral disorders. Addictive behavior often follows depression and we must not neglect the potential differences in the addictive behavior
