Abstract Background: Currently, there are between 300,000 and 500,000 childhood cancer
survivors (CCSs) in Europe. A significant proportion is at high risk, and at least 60% of them
develop adverse health-related outcomes that can appear several years after treatment completion.
Many survivors are unaware of their personal risk, and there seems to be a general lack
of information among healthcare providers about pathophysiology and natural history of
treatment-related complications. This can generate incorrect or delayed diagnosis and treatments
