Ouyang, Shirui

Rohde, Magnus

Seifert, Hans Jürgen

Uhlmann, Nils

Zhao, Wenjiao

Ziebert, Carlos

English

KITopen

KIT –  The Research University in the Helmholtz Association  www.kit.edu Institute for Applied Materials – Applied Materials Physics (IAM-AWP) C. Ziebert, N. Uhlmann, S. Ouyang, W. Zhao, M. Rohde, H. J. Seifert Combined Battery Calorimetry and Simulation for Prevention of Thermal Runaway and increased Safety KIT, IAM-AWP 2 Increase of safety and reliability of lithium-ion batteries for EV/HEV Aim: Improvement of TMS and BMS by determination of quantitative data using battery calorimetry in combination with modelling and simulation Motivation Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 → For improving battery management system       (BMS) and thermal management system (TMS)             electrochemical and thermal behavior of the       cells have to be thoroughly studied  Feng et al., Energy Storage Materials 10 (2018) 246 KIT, IAM-AWP 3 Outline Short introduction to battery calorimetry Isoperibolic and adiabatic studies Methods for determination of total generated heat Safety Tests Modelling and Simulation Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 4                   Campus South                                                          Campus North  1/10/2009 - Foundation of KIT   Merger of the University of Karlsruhe (TH) and the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH    Research – Teaching – Innovation Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Data 2016  Employees:  9.239 Students:      25.892 Professors: 365 Budget:  851 Mio Euro Patents:  55 Spin-offs: 21    Short institute presentation Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 5 Possible conditions in an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) An ARC provides isoperibolic and adiabatic conditions  Under isoperibolic conditions the environmental temperature is kept constant. 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡 defined 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶  constant 𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆0 + 𝛼𝛼 ∙ 𝑡𝑡 𝑻𝑻𝑪𝑪 𝑻𝑻𝑺𝑺 Under adiabatic conditions the heaters follow immediately any change of the bomb thermocouple thus preventing that the cell can transfer heat to the walls. 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡 very high 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶  = 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡                  = 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶0 + 𝛼𝛼 ∙ 𝑡𝑡 𝑻𝑻𝑪𝑪 𝑻𝑻𝑺𝑺 Short introduction to battery calorimetry Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 6 At IAM-AWP: Europe`s Largest Battery Calorimetry Lab  Accelerating Rate Calorimeter(ARC) Equipment: 6 ARC‘s (THT); 2 Tian-Calvet calorimeters (C80, Alexys1000: Setaram); DSC (Netzsch), TGA+STA (TAG, Setsys, Setaram); IR camera (FLIR); 12 Temperature chambers; 10 Cyclers; EIS (Ref3000, Gamry)  Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 7 Discharge parameter: - method: constant current (CC) - Umin = 3.0V - I = 5A  → C/8-rate  Charge parameter: - method: constant current,        constant voltage (CCCV) - Umax = 4.1V - I = 5A  → C/8-rate - Imin = 0.5A Adiabatic Measurements Tst = 23°C (RT) Adiabatic and Isoperibolic Measurements Worst Case Conditions  → Cell in a pack surrounded by other cells → after each electrochemical cycle the cell       temperature increases further Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 8 Isoperibolic Measurements temperature coefficient  negative! → after one electrochemical cycle the cell        temperature reaches its initial value again Discharge parameter: - method: constant current (CC) - Umin = 3.0V - I = 5A  → C/8-rate  Charge parameter: - method: constant current,        constant voltage (CCCV) - Umax = 4.1V - I = 5A  → C/8-rate - Imin = 0.5A Ideal conditions   → Single cell Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 9 Conversion of thermal data (temperature, temperature rate) to heat (Joule) and power (Watt) with the aim of understanding  of heat release to determine heat removal requirements for thermal management.  To be measured: Heat generation of the cell during charging and discharging –  Key data for thermal management and safety Methods for the determination of total generated heat  Cell effective specific heat capacity  Heat transfer coefficient  Reversible heat rate  Irreversible heat rate Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 10 Measurement of effective specific heat capacity cp e.g. at 30 °C     𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 = 1.095 𝐽𝐽𝑔𝑔 ∙ 𝐾𝐾�  Sandwich setup for pouch cells Control of the current applied to the heater mat to ensure a constant heating rate 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 =∆𝑄𝑄𝑚𝑚 ∙ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎=∫𝑈𝑈 ∙ 𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 ∙ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎                m: Mass of the cell          ∆𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎: Temperature difference under                      adiabatic conditions Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 11 150000 160000 170000 180000 190000 2000002.83.03.23.43.63.84.04.2-20-1001020-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.0 U in VTime in s I in A  Sensor signal in mV  Cell surface pos. terminal neg. terminalMeasurement of heat transfer coefficient h with heat flux sensors Full cycle at 20A and 30oC gSKIN®-XP [1]      (10mm x 10mm)  Tiny, serially connected semiconductor piles inside the sensor generate a voltage, which is proportional to the heat passing through the surface. The voltage is read out and depending on the sensor‘s sensitivity the results are converted into the heat flux [2]. Working principle of heat flux sensor ⇒ℎ =∫𝑈𝑈𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑆𝑆(𝑇𝑇) 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 ∫  (𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶) 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡0�  𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆0 + 𝑇𝑇 − 22.5 °𝐶𝐶  ∙ 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶   𝑆𝑆0 = 10.04𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2𝑊𝑊  𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 = 0.0049 ∙  𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2𝑊𝑊 ∙ °𝐶𝐶  Sensitivity: Temperature correction factor Room temperature sensitivity [1] http://shop.greenteg.com/shop/products-rd/gskin-xp/ [2] https://www.greenteg.com/faq-heat-flux-sensing/  Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 12 Comparison of the values for the generated heat determined by three different methods Conclusion: good agreement between the values determined by the different methods Source: E. Schuster, C. Ziebert, A. Melcher, M. Rohde, H.J. Seifert, J. Power Sources 268 (2015) 580-589 ?̇?𝑄𝑔𝑔 = 𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡  ?̇?𝑄𝑔𝑔 = 𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡+ 𝐴𝐴ℎ ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶   2) Isoperibolic Measurement 1) Adiabatic Measurement ?̇?𝑄𝑔𝑔 = −𝐼𝐼 𝐸𝐸0 − 𝐸𝐸 − 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝐸𝐸0𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑  3) Measurement of irreversible       and reversible heat using        potentiometric and CIT method E0: Open circuit voltage (OCV), E: cell potential Discharge half cycles T = 30 °C C/8 C/4 C/2 C/10246810121416total heat generated Qg in kJ   Qadiag   Qisog   Qthermogdischarge rate  Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 13 Nail penetration test in the ARC on a 2.5 Ah pouch cell 0 20 40 60 80 100050100150200250300350400Time in sTemperature in °C0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0Voltage in VNail Pene- tration Comparison of different SOC SOC 80 SOC 70 0 20 40 60 80 100050100150200250300350400Time in sTemperature in °C0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0Voltage in VNail Pene- tration Thermal Runaway No Thermal Runaway a) Mechanical abuse: Nail test Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 Safety tests KIT, IAM-AWP 14 b) Thermal Abuse: Heat-Wait-Seek(HWS) Method Example of a Heat-Wait-Seek step Seek C. Ziebert, A. Melcher, B. Lei, W.J. Zhao, M. Rohde, H.J. Seifert, Electrochemical-thermal characterization and thermal modeling for batteries, in:  L.M. Rodriguez, N. Omar, Eds., EMERGING NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN RECHARGABLE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS, Elsevier Inc. 2017, ISBN  978032342977. Exotherm dT/dt<onset Wait Seek dT/dt<onset Idle dT/dt>onset Cool If T>Tf Heat If T>Tf end test Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 15 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000100200300400500600700800 Samsung_NMC Sony_LMO A123_LFPTemperature in °CTime in minThermal Runaway: 18650 cells with different cathode materials 80<T<130°C:      low rate reaction, 0.02 - 0.05 °C/min: exothermic decomposition of the SEI 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8001E-30.010.1110100100010000 Samsung_NMC Sony_LMO A123_LFPTemperature Rate in °C/minTemperature in °C130<T<200°C:   medium rate reaction, 0.05 - 25 °C/min:  solvent reaction, exothermic reaction between                               embedded Li ions and electrolyte   => reduction of electrolyte at negative electrode T > 200°C:          high rate reaction, higher than 25 °C/min: Exothermic reaction between active positive               material and electrolyte at positive electrode   => rapid generation of oxygen Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 16 Study of ageing effects of PHEV1 cells by thermal runaway tests 0 500 1000 1500 2000 250050100150200250  Temperature in °CTime in min fresh cell aged cell80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 2600.010.11101001000   fresh cell aged cellTemperature Rate in °C/minTemperature in °CDr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 17 Development of internal pressure measurement methods  for 18650 cells Pressure line (Ø 1.5 mm) Internal pressure could be used in BMS for early prediction of processes leading to thermal runaway 0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000100200300400500600 Temperature Internal pressureTime in minTemperature in °C02468101214Internal pressure in barOpening of safety vent B. Lei, W. Zhao, C. Ziebert, A. Melcher, M. Rohde, H.J. Seifert, Batteries 2017, 3, 14, doi:10.3390/batteries3020014. Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 18 Step 1 - BMS  Detection of mechanical, thermal, electrical abuse Step 2 – Cell :  Venting, CID, PTC Step 3 – Pack  Passive propagation prevention The three-level strategy of reducing the hazard of thermal runaway Feng et al., Energy Storage Materials 10 (2018) 246 Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 19 • Extended time for thermal runaway propagation: 9 min • Improved thermal protection: temperature outside of battery box < 80 °C during thermal runaway Protective Material evaluation in battery calorimeters:  Red:   heater mat for thermal runaway initiation  Gray: protective material for cell 4 and lid of             battery box  Thermal Runaway propagation testing 0 10 20 30 40 5002004006008001000Temperature in °CTime in min Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4∆t = 9 min0 10 20 30 40 5020304050607080Temperature on top of battery boxTime in minDr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 20 Modelling and Simulation Equivalent Circuit Models (ECM) Type of model  Complexity  Reduced Order Models  (ROM) low high medium Microstructure Models (MM, DEM) Molecular Dynamics (MD) Density Functional Theory based  models (DFT) Complexity: • Length/time scales • Amount of parameters and equations  • Dimensions • Computation time Electrochemical- Thermal Models (ETM) Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 21 IKEBA Project  Integrated Components and Integrated Design of Energy Efficient Battery Systems 5 cooperating partners Duration: 05/2013-07/2016 Budget:   7 Million Euro Equivalent Circuit Model Battery  Monitoring Battery                Management       Software              Battery  Monitoring Automotive uC ECM Cell Modelling Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 22 Modelling Workflow Measurements in battery calorimeters on cell and pack 6s1p Pack Battery model in BMS design platform Cell Model Implementation Cell Model Parametrization BMS Demonstrator Cell Model Validation Cell Model Optimization measured simulated Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 23 0 20 40 600200400600800 Ramp heating Simulation Ramp Heating ExperimentTemperature in °CTime in mina model for ramp heating with ODEs representing:   the decomposition rates  the energy balance  the ideal gas flow equations  the burst condition for the trigger pressure  the partial ejection of the jelly roll Source:  P.T. Coman, S. Rayman, R. E. White,                J. of Power Sources 307 (2016) 56. Electrochemical-Thermal Model: Lumped Matlab ODE model for ramp heating with venting Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 24 Thermal runaway including internal pressure evolution Comparison of experimental and simulation results for 18650 cells Simulation (Ramp Heating) 0 50 100 150 2000100200300400500600 Temperature Internal PressureTime in minTemperature in °C02468101214Internal Pressure in bar0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000100200300400500600 Temperature Internal pressureTime in minTemperature in °C02468101214Internal pressure in barExperiment (HWS)  Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 25 Summary: Possible measurements with a battery calorimeter Normal conditions of use   Isoperibolic or adiabatic measurement  Measurement of temperature curve and temperature distribution during cycling (full cycles, or application-specific load profiles), ageing studies  Determination of the generated heat, Separation of heat in reversible and irreversible parts  For each: Abuse conditions  Thermal abuse: Heat-wait-seek test, ramp heating test, thermal propagation test  External short circuit, nail penetration test  Overcharge, deep discharge  Temperature measurement  External or internal pressure measurement   Gas collection, Post Mortem Analysis, Ageing studies  For each: Contact: Phone:  ++49/721608-22919 E-Mail: Carlos.Ziebert@kit.edu Important data for BMS, TMS and safety Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 KIT, IAM-AWP 26 Thank You For Your Kind Attention This work has been partially funded by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework “IKT 2020 Research for Innovations” under the grant 16N12515 and is supervised by the Project  Management  Agency VDI|VDE|IT.   Additional funding by the German Research Foundation priority programme SPP1473 WeNDeLIB is gratefully acknowledged.   The authors would also like to thank Dr. Lukas Durrer from greenTEG AG for providing heat flux sensors and for helpful discussions. Supervised by Dr. C. Ziebert – International Battery Seminar, Fort Lauderdale 26.03.-29.03.2018 

Combined Battery Calorimetry and Simulation for Prevention of Thermal Runaway and increased Safety

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000093979/26513301

Combined Battery Calorimetry and Simulation for Prevention of Thermal Runaway and increased Safety

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

KITopen