Brüggemann, N.

Butterbach-Bahl, K.

Holst, J.

Kiese, R.

Li, C.

Liu, C.

Zheng, X.

English

KITopen

K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Global change effects and feedbacks on N2O and CH4emissions from natural and managed landK Butterbach-Bahl1, N Brüggemann1, J. Holst1, R. Kiese1, C. Li2, C. Liu3, X. Zheng31Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany2Complex System Research Centre, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA3Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Why to look at soils when talking about atmospheric C and N-trace gases and global change ?Forster et al., 2007, In: Climate Change 2007Fossil fuel burningLand use changeCO2Industrial sourcesRice paddies, wetlands, ruminantsCH4Industrial sourcesAgriculture, forests, ozeans Soils: 60-70%N2OK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Global Changes and soil N2O and CH4 exchangeClimatechangeAtmosph.Compos.Land useCO2N-Dep.(O3, …)Precip.Temp.ChangeManag.Physico-chemical environment(radiat., soil T& -moist., compact., O2, C/N avail.)Plant Physiology(WUE, Photosynthesis)Plant speciescomposition Soil C and NturnoverSoil microbialcommunity Plant litter (QA/QN)& ExudationNitrificationDenitrificationCH4-Prod.CH4-Oxid.Biospere-Atmosphere Exchange of CH4 & N2 OK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)CH4-exchange is the result of simultaneous microbial production and consumption processesCH4-flux = CH4-Production – CH4-OxidationMethanogenic bacteria Methanotrophic bacteriaDunfield, 2007, Cabi.orgK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)N2O-exchange is the result of simultaneous microbial production and consumption processesNH3 NH4+NO2-NO3-NONO2N2ON2+5+4+3+2+1±0-3NH2OH-2-1NitrificationDenitrificationAbiologicalDNRA, ANAMMOXWrage et al. 2001, Soil Biol. Biochem.K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Tilled versus no-tilled systemsSOCTime [yr]∆SOC (cult.)∆SOC (no-till)ClimatechangeAtmosph.Compos.Land useCO2N-Dep.(O3, …)Precip.Temp.ChangeManag.K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)0 5 10 15 20 25-10-50510 humid climate dry climate  No-till - tilled [kg N2O-N ha-1  yr-1]Years Six et al., 2004, Global Change BiolTilled versus no-tilled systemsK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)0.11101000.1 1 10 1000.3 - 0.40.03-0.050.02 - 0.030.006 - 0.02simulated annual N2O flux (kg N/ha/yr)observed annual N2O flux (kg N/ha/yr)SOC (kg C/kg soil)Li et al., 2005, Climatic ChangeUnderstanding the coupling between C and N cyclingIncreased SOC+soil microbialactivity+soilN-cycling-O2avail.+DOCavail.Increased N2OK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)-1250-1000-750-500-2500250Iowa Hebei Bavaria   C-sequestration[kg C ha-1  yr-1]Barley-manure -> +manureMaize/wheat-residue -> +residueMaize/soybeantill -> no-tillIowa Hebei Bavaria-505101520 standard alternative  N2O or CH4 exchange[kg N or kg C ha-1  yr-1]Feedback of SOC increase on total GHG balanceLi et al., 2005, Climatic ChangeK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)-3000-15000150030004500Iowa Hebei Bavaria   Change in net-GHG emissions, alternative - standard(kg CO2-equivalents ha-1  yr-1)  CH4 N2O C-sequestration in soil TotalFeedback of SOC increase on total GHG balanceLi et al., 2005, Climatic ChangeK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Grazed versus non-grazed steppe systemsClimatechangeAtmosph.Compos.Land useCO2N-Dep.(O3, …)Precip.Temp.ChangeManag.K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Soil N2O-concentr.N2O-fluxSoil T & moistureGrazed versus non-grazed steppe systems: N2O2007 2008K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Extremely highN2O-fluxes during freeze-thaw from ungrazed steppe  >70% of annual fluxesGrazed versus non-grazed steppe systems: N2O2007 2008K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Do natural steppe systems emit more N2O than grazedsystems?May Jun JulAug Sep Mar Mar Apr May Jun JulAug Sep Oct02468101214-30-20-100102030 N2O flux (N2O-N mg m-2 h-1) Daily air temperature (°C) 1 1.5 2 2.5 30255075  Stocking rate [sheep ha-1] N2O-flux [g N ha-1  vegetation period] Upland steppe Riparian area Urine patches Sheepfold Dung heapNot always –On a regional scale nutrient management may override site scale effectsHolst et al., 2007, Plant and SoilK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Grazed versus non-grazed steppe systems: CH455.5±3899.6±67Gas Perm.-30kPa [cm d-1]1.09±0.11.09±0.1Bulk dens.[g cm-3]2.6±0.52.5±0.6SOC [%]6.7±0.36.8±0.3pHsLsLTextureWGUGK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Do natural steppe systems take up  more CH4 than grazedsystems?H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8-60-50-40-30-20-10010CH 4 flux (µg CH 4-C m h)-50--60 µg CH4-C m-2 h-1≈2 kg C ha-1 growing seasonx0.98 = -1.96 kg C ha-1Sheep CH4 emissions10.8 -14.3 g CH4-C sheep day-1≈ 2.2 kg C ha-1 growing seasoX2 = 2.2 kg C ha-1X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8-100-50050100400050006000CH4 uptake (µg CH4-C m-2 h-1.1 mg CH4-C m-2 h-1≈ 70 kg C ha-1 growing seasonX0.02 = 1.4 kg C ha-1Source/sink Base unit for flux calculations Mean flux [µg CH4-C m-2 h-1] Total CH4 emission/uptake [tons C GS-1]     Upland steppe 286592 ha -28.3±5.3 -298±56     Riparian area 4069 ha 1550±970 232±145     Summer sheepfold  2.7 m-2 per sheep 678±168 2.7±0.7     Winter sheepfold  0.6 m-2 per sheep 107±56 0.1±0.0     Faeces dropped at steppe 64.3 kg FDW GS-1 sheep-1 1344±219 a 34.6±5.6     Sheep 400685 capita 12.6±1.8 b 770±108     Total   741±315  NO –CH4emission from riparian areas and from sheepare more important as CH4uptake by steppe soilsK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)ClimatechangeAtmosph.Compos.Land useCO2N-Dep.(O3, …)Precip.Temp.ChangeManag.Nitrogen cycling changes during the past two centuriesNOyN2 NHx2125162553323266394818100N2 + 3H22NH3mid-1990s1106 780.36 911 81527NOy N2 NHx5 61860 120Galloway et al., 2003,BiogeochemistryK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Holland et al., 1999, Biogeochemistry, EMEP, 2002Nitrogen depostion – past and presentK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Nitrogen oxide emissions from Forests in Europe (NOFRETETE)25.6 23.7 20.8 17.9 15.10 12.11050100Mean: 98.0 +- 4.7 µg N m-2 h-1Mean: 28.8 +- 2.5 µg N m-2 h-1N2O-Emission[µg N2O-N m-2 h-1]2002050100150200250 NO-Emission[µg NO-N m-2 h-1]K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Nitrogen oxide emissions from Forests in Europe (NOFRETETE)Stimulation of N-oxide emissions from soils at sites with high N-deposition and narrow C/N ratiosPilegaard et al., 2006, BiogeosciencesK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Nitrogen oxide emissions from Forests in Europe (NOFRETETE)Kesik et al., 2005, Biogeosciences02468101214N2O Emission(kg N2O-N ha-1  a-1) Cultivated Area Forest Area15% of agriculturalsoilsK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)ClimatechangeAtmosph.Compos.Land useCO2N-Dep.(O3, …)Precip.Temp.ChangeManag.Forest management, N deposition and N2O fluxes (Höglwald)HöglwaldSpruce controlSelective cutting 2000/2006Clear cut 2000K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan0501001502003004005002007Cutting  N2O emission [µg N m-2 h-1]20062005200420032002200120001999199920002001200220032004200520062007012345 Annual N2O emission[kg N ha-1  yr-1]Clear-cutting enhances N2O emissions for yearsK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Papen & Butterbach-Bahl, J Geophys. Res, 1999; Butterbach-Bahl et al.,J. Geophys. Res. 2001 Jan  Apr  Jul  Oct  Jan  Apr  Jul  Oct  Jan  Apr  Jul  Oct020406080100020406080100C1995                                                        1996                                                        1997  NO-emission[g NO-N ha-1  d-1 ]-10010203040Temperature [°C] 0204060Precipitation [mm]  -50510154080-50510154080BAN2O-emission[g N2O-N ha-1  d-1 ]  Climate change and the variability of fluxes - HöglwaldK. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Climate change and the variability of fluxes - Höglwald19941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520060.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5n.d.   Annual N2O flux [kg N ha-1  yr-1] non-freeze/thaw fluxes freeze/thaw fluxesn.d.K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | November 2008KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)1) Human perturbation of N cycle may override climate effect• Additional Nr creation• Management largely feedback on soil N2O emissions2) Emissions from “natural” sources most likely underestimated• Freeze-thaw is hardly accounted for3) Long-term monitoring is required to understand variability of fluxes• Landscape/ regional analysis of nutrient cycling and associated non-CO2 and CO2 GHG exchange at identified hotspots (e.g. China)4) CH4 uptake is mostly negatively affected by human activity• Effect not quantified yetSummary

Global change effects and feedbacks on N₂O and CH₄ emissions from natural and managed land

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/230073532/3815336

Global change effects and feedbacks on N₂O and CH₄ emissions from natural and managed land

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