Kunstmann, H.

Strasser, U.

Warscher, M.

English

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KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz AssociationKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)www.kit.eduSnow Cover Dynamics, Runoff Generation, and Water Balance in Complex, High Alpine Terrain: Physically-based, Distributed Modelling. Michael Warscher, Ulrich Strasser, Harald KunstmannGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)• Temperature-Index methods(Day-Degree Approach, e.g. in WaSiM)• Energy balance (single-layer)(AMUNDSEN, SnowModel, Alpine3D, …)• Multi-layer model(SNTHERM , SNOWPACK, …)simple / estimation complex / detailed physical descriptionSnow modelingGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)• AMUNDSEN (Alpine MUltiscale Numerical Distributed Simulation Engine)– Radiation modelling– Energy and mass balance of the snow cover– Lateral snow transport– Snow-canopy interaction– Glacier dynamics– Skiing indicators– …Strasser, U. (2008): Modelling of the mountain snow cover in the Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden National Park research report, Nr. 55, Berchtesgaden.Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)• SnowNPB (Uni Graz/NPB): snow hydrology (Berchtesgaden)• MUSICALS (Uni Graz/alpS): accumulation, runoff, hydropower (Gepatsch)• CC-Snow (Uni Graz/ACRP): snow reliability, artificial snow (Tyrol/Styria)• AlpinRiskGP (Uni Graz/StartClim): gravitational material flow (Pasterze)• Strahlgrid (ZAMG/internal): daily global radiation (Austria)• Prosecco (ZAMG/ÖAW): runoff generation (Goldbergkees)• u(glacier) (ZAMG/ÖAW): glacier flow, runoff scenarios (Sonnblick)• Climpact (ZAMG/Circle): degree-day glacier mass balance (Tienshan, lake Merzbacher)• Glacier MEMO (Uni Graz/ZAMG/ÖGPF): refreecing, mass balance (Freya glacier, NE-Greenland)• FreyEx (Uni Graz/ÖGPF): energy balance (Freya glacier, NE-Greenland)• Glacioburst (ZAMG/FWF): lake outbursts (A.P. Olsen Icecap, NE-Greenland)ProjectsGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Project WaterNPB: Water Balance Modeling in the Berchtesgaden National ParkSnowNPB – Snow Cover and Runoff DynamicsKarstNPB – Subsurface and Groundwater FluxesGabriele Kraller, Uni GrazGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Berchtesgaden National Park• National Park: 210 km²Catchment area: 433 km²• Königssee: 603 m a.s.l.Watzmann Mittelspitze: 2713 m a.s.l. large altitudinal gradient: 2110 m / ca. 3.5 km• Mean annual precipitation: from 1500 mm (valleys)up to 2600 mm  (elevated and peak regions)• Biotopes:44,1 %   Forests21,0 %   Limestone grasslands19,3 %   Rock and scree12,4 %   Mountain pine3,2 %     Lakes and glaciersGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)• Large amounts of snow, long period of snow coverage • Spatial and temporal variability of the snow cover• Lateral snow transport (wind, snow slides, avalanches)• Precipitation storage • Runoff generation by melting snow• Snow feeds glaciers and perennial firn fields(Blaueis, Watzmanngletscher, Eiskapelle, Schöllhorneis)Snow in high mountain regionsannual mean (2002 - 2007)Precipitation (mm) 1611.4Rainfall (mm) 1111.5Snowfall (mm) 499.9Evapotranspiration (mm) 493.7Runoff (mm) 1013.3Air temperature (°C) 1.2Snow cover duration (days) 144Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)WaSiM-ETH (Schulla and Jasper)Penman-MonteithRichards-Equation…Distributed Hydrological ModelGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Meteorological measurements Gauges and subcatchments33 stations (19 automatic, 14 manual)National Park administration, township Schoenau, Bavarian avalanche service, 433 km²Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) 9 gauges and subcatchmentsInput WaSiM-ETHGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Input WaSiM-ETHLand useHABITALP (www.habitalp.org)Standardised classification of Color Infrared aerial photographsCorine Land Cover CLC Soil types„Bodenübersichtskarte“ 1:25000 Bavarian Environmental AgencyGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Water balanceannual mean (2002 - 2007)Precipitation (mm) 1611.4Rainfall (mm) 1111.5Snowfall (mm) 499.9Evapotranspiration (mm) 493.7Runoff (mm) 1013.3Air temperature (°C) 1.2Snow cover duration (days) 144Nash-SutcliffeHintersee (Ramsauer Ache) 0.65Ramsau (Wimbach) -0.31Ilsank (Ramsauer Ache) 0.63Schwoeb (Koenigsseer Ache) 0.38Stanggass (Bischofswieser Ache) 0.12Klaeranlage (Berchtesgadener Ache) 0.91Almbachmuehle (Almbach) 0.44St. Leonhard (Berchtesgadener Ache) 0.82Nash-Sutcliffe = 0.96Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Original approach:WaSiM Day-Degree(Temperature-Index method)Modeled days with snow coverageduring winter 2005/2006WaSiM-ETH Snow ModuleGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)WaSiM-ETH Snow ModuleGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)What‘s new?• Energy and mass balance of the snow cover(radiation balance, turbulent fluxes, advective heatflux, soil heat flux)• Lateral snow redistributionImplementation of AMUNDSEN in WaSiM-ETH0MBAEHQQ net radiationH sensible heat fluxE latent heat fluxA advective heat flux(precipitation)B soil heat fluxM snowmelt orcooling/refreezingGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Snow water equivalent at the station Kühroint (1407 m a.s.l.)Results – Energy balanceTemperature-Index vs. Energy-Balance at the station KührointGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Results – Energy balanceDay-Degree Energy-Balance + SnowslidesChanges in modelled snow cover duration due to energy-balance methodSnowdays (energy-balance) MINUS Snowdays (Day-degree)Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Locations of snow deposition by gravitational transportLateral snow transportGruber, S.: A mass-conserving fast algorithm to parameterize gravitational transport and deposition using digital elevation models, Water Resour. Res., 43, W06412, doi:10.1029/2006WR004868, 2007.Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Processes: 1. Preferential deposition of snow precipitation (before it has reached the ground)2. Wind-driven transport of previously fallen snow (erosion, saltation and accumulation)3. Effective sublimation of wind-blown snow into the atmosphereDepending on:Windspeed and direction, snow cover, shearstress, snow surface properties, snow density, humidity, temperature, radiation, … Snow and windPlattner (2004)Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Snow and windMethodsBernhardt et al. (2009): Using wind fields from a high-resolution atmospheric model for simulating snow dynamics in mountainous terrainWinstral and Marks (2002): Simulating wind fields and snow redistribution usingterrain-based parameters to model snow accumulation and melt over a semi-arid mountain catchmentGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Snow and windBERNHARDT, M., ZÄNGL, G., LISTON, G. E., STRASSER, U. AND MAUSER, W. (2009): Using wind fields from a high-resolution atmospheric model for simulating snow dynamics in mountainous terrain. Hydrological Processes, 23: 1064–1075. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7208Coupled atmospheric / snow transport model Parameterization (wind direction SW)BERNHARDT, M., LISTON, G.E., STRASSER, U., ZÄNGL, G. AND SCHULZ, K. (2010): High resolutionmodelling of snow transport in complex terrain using downscaled MM5 wind fields, The Cryosphere, 4, 1-15.Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Snow and windParameterization (wind direction SW)Coupled atmospheric / snow transport model Similar spatial patternsBERNHARDT, M., ZÄNGL, G., LISTON, G. E., STRASSER, U. AND MAUSER, W. (2009): Using wind fields from a high-resolution atmospheric model for simulating snow dynamics in mountainous terrain. Hydrological Processes, 23: 1064–1075. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7208BERNHARDT, M., LISTON, G.E., STRASSER, U., ZÄNGL, G. AND SCHULZ, K. (2010): High resolutionmodelling of snow transport in complex terrain using downscaled MM5 wind fields, The Cryosphere, 4, 1-15.Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Landsat RGB ETM+ 01.05.2005NDSI (not showing negative values)01.05.2005Modelled mean snow cover duration 2002 – 2007Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Landsat RGB ETM+ 01.05.2005NDSI (not showing negative values)01.05.2005Modelled mean snow cover duration 2002 – 2007Landsat ETM+ Model (WaSiM-ETH + AMUNDSEN)  Remote SensingGarmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Runoff, snowmelt and rainfall at gauge Hintersee (melting period spring 2006)Snowmelt and RunoffDo we need that within hydrological LSMs?Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Ausblick• Stabile Isotope im Wasser als Tracer• Klimaimpaktanalyse (ECHAM5 WRF WaSiM-ETH + AMUNDSEN)Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)AusblickKlimaimpaktanalyse (ECHAM5 WRF WaSiM-ETH + AMUNDSEN)2020-2050 vs. 1970-2000Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)Thanks!

Snow cover dynamics, Runoff generation, and water balance in complex, high Alpine terrain: Physically-based, distributed modelling

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/230087779/3816120

Snow cover dynamics, Runoff generation, and water balance in complex, high Alpine terrain: Physically-based, distributed modelling

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