Emeis, S.

Forkel, R.

Schäfer, K.

Suppan, P.

English

KITopen

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)1 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Air Quality in Megacities: A Challenge for Interdisciplinary ResearchP. Suppan, S. Emeis, Klaus Schäfer & R. ForkelInstitute for Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research Division (IMK-IFU)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHKreuzeckbahnstr. 1982467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)2 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009IMK-IFU topics:Air quality, atmosphere-biosphere exchange, hydrology, long-term trendsMexicoEuropeKeniaInnerMongoliaSouth-East-AsiaAustraliaUSABurkina FasoS-AfricaSantiagoBeijingAlpsKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)3 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009(UN 2001)35.219.418.718.318.215.014.514.313.212.612.412.311.611.511.311.110.910.710.710.70.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0Tokyo (Japan)Mexico City (Mexico)New York-Newark (USA)Sao Paulo (Brazil)Mumbai (India)Dehli (India)Shanghai (China)Kolkata (India)Jakarta (Indonesia)Buenos Aires (Argentina)Dhaka (Bangladesh)Los Angeles (USA)Karachi (Pakistan)Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)Osaka-Kobe (Japan)Cairo (Egypt)Lagos (Nigeria)Beijing (China)Manila (Philippines)Moscow (Russian Federation)20052015MegacitiesDefinition: Mega cities comprises 10 Mill. people1975: 3 MC2005: 20 MC2015: 22 MC (4 > 20 Mill.)KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)4 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009 EnergyProblems and risks in megacitiesBogotáSão PauloMumbaiBeijingKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)5 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Source: APERC 2007, Shobhakar Dhakal (2004). Urban Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Asian Mega-citiesIndustryTransportResidentialBeijing 75% 8% 17%Shanghai 83% 10% 7%Seoul 38% 25% 37%Tokyo 41% 37% 22%Mexico City 38% 44% 18%Energy consumptionEnergy consumptionby sourcesIncomeGasoline per capitaLow income in AsiaMiddle income cities in Asia and Latin AmericaHigh income cities in AsiaCities in OceaniaCities in North America with low population densityUrbanisation SuburbanisationMotorisation phase Infrastructure development phaseUpgrades in infrastructure phaseSource: Global Energy Futures and Human Development: A Framework for Analysis", Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1997KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)6 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Fossil fuels79%Nuclear3%Renewables18%Large hydropower3.0 % Power generation0.8 %Traditional biomass13 %Hot water / Heating1.3 %Biofuels0.3 %Source: REN21, Renewables 2007, Global Status ReportGlobal energy consumptionSO2NOxCOVOCsPMNOxCOVOCsPMFossil fuels and biomass both affects air qualityKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)7 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Air Quality in Metropolitan Areas and Sensitive Regions Interactions between urban/suburban/rural regions and their feedback mechanisms to air quality (e.g. urban heat islands and other secondary circulations) Development and validation of innovative techniques for the assessment of emissions and air quality (e.g. road traffic, airports) incl. remote sensing and inverse modelling Assessment of meteorological influences such as mixing-layer height (e.g. ceilometer and RASS measurements on the boundary-layer structure) on air quality Coupling of models (MCCM, WRFchem, micro scale models), e.g. for the analysis of the present state and the assessment of possible mitigation/adaptation strategies Impact of regional climate change on air quality and human health Interdisciplinary project “Risk Habitat Megacity” with the topic “Air Quality and Health”; anchor city Santiago de Chile in co-operation with Universidad de ChileResearch focus with respect to megacitiesKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)8 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Satellite data Emission data0 30000 60000-50050015002500      U O U  []P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8-12         Measurement dataAir quality MeasuresStakeholders:e.g., communities, gov. agenciesscience based decision supportChemGRALMethodologyintegrated air quality assessment studiesKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)9 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Urban-rural interactions/urban heat islandKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)10 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009SF6 line source and sampling sitesRemote sensing of traffic emissionsKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)11 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Measurement platformsKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)12 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Mixing height measurementsSODARacoustic backscatterCEILOMETERoptical backscatterRASStemperatureEmeis, S., Chr. Münkel, S. Vogt, W.J. Müller, K. Schäfer, 2004: Atmospheric boundary-layer structure from simultaneous SODAR, RASS, and ceilometer measurements. Atmos. Environ., 38, 273-286. Assessment of meteorological conditions,e.g. vertical profilingKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)13 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009regionallocalMCCM or WRF/chemMeteorology, Climate, Aerosols, Air Chemistry, Soil-VegetationOrographyLand useSoil TextureAnthropogenicEmissionsGlobal Weatherforecast modelsObservationsGlobal Climate ModelsSimulation of Air QualityAir PollutionControl StrategiesCritical Levelsand LoadsClimate Changesand Air QualitySimulation ofRegional ClimateExtremeEventsSoil-Vegetation-AtmosphereFeedback EffectsBiogenicEmissionsMeteorologicalData AssimilationInterpolationAnalysisRunoff / RoutingModel (e.g. WASIM)Detailed hydrologicalModelDynamic VegetationModel (MOBILE)Bio-Geo-ChemistryModelMicro-scale Model(e.g. GRAL)Coupling of models/Modelling SystemKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)14 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009InnsbruckVompKufsteinMicro-scale modellinge.g. NO2 with GRAL Meso-scale modeling  e.g. NO2 with MCCM Threshold exceedancesSource: EU-LIFE Project Klagenfurt  Graz  Bozen Coupling of scales in modellingKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)15 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009O3-difference in 2010NOx EmissionsTopographyLand useO3-concentrationsin 2010e.g. Mexico CityNOx emission050000100000150000200000250000Base1998 Base2010 Scen IV Scen 2-revt/yearPointLine AreaVOC emission050000100000150000200000250000300000350000Base1998 Base2010 Scen IV Scen 2-revt/yearPointLine AreaBasic information on present emissions and emissions of reduction measuresAdaptation StrategiesKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)16 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Climate Change ImpactClimate change impact on urban agglomerations80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0Longitude (°W)0.02.04.06.08.010.0Latitude (°N)BogotaMedellinBarranquillaCaliMituECHAM5 - A1B scenarioFuture (2071-2100) - Present (2001-2030)76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0Longitude (°W)40.038.036.034.032.030.028.0Latitude (°S)SantiagoMendozaConcepcion104.0 102.0 100.0 98.0 96.0 94.0Longitude (°W)16.018.020.022.024.0Latitude (°N)Mexico CityAcapulcoGuadalajara10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0Longitude (°E)48.050.052.054.056.0Latitude (°N)BerlinHamburgMunichGar.-Part.Prague112.0 114.0 116.0 118.0 120.0Longitude (°W)36.038.040.042.044.0Latitude (°N)BeijingTianjinTaiyuanTemperature Change in °C   4.0  to  4.5   3.5  to  4.0   3.0  to  3.5   2.5  to  3.0   2.0  to  2.5   1.5  to  2.0   1.0  to  1.5Mexico CitySantiago de ChileBogotaBerlinBeijingResolution too coarse for regional impact analysis !KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)17 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Threshold exceedances in the futureSetup: 60-20 km grid2x10 years periodSouthern GermanyClimate Change Impact00.511.522.533.50 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240Ozone (µg/m3)Frequency  1991-2000 2031-2039Distribution of daily O3 maximumKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)18 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Risk-Habitat-Megacity¿sostenibilidad en riesgo? Helmholtz centres• German Aerospace Centre (DLR)• Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK)• Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)• GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ)• Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Latin America• United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC/CEPAL) • Universidad de Chile • Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile• Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso “Anchor city“: Santiago de Chile Duration: July 2007 – June 2013KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)19 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Governance & Sustainability Source: APERC (2007): Urban Transport Energy Use in the APEC RegionsAir Quality management policies, emission control programs and pollutant trends in Mexico CityKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)20 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009 Air quality issues need an holistic and interdisciplinary approach  Link between land-use, energy, transportation, air quality, climate change and health demonstrates the interaction and tackles central problems in a megacity To understand the complex system of a megacity, further process studies have to be performed in each discipline Air quality and health impact assessment studies are essential prerequisites for mitigation and adaptation strategies Tools, technologies and expertise to address these linked issues of air quality and energy supply are available today Co-operation has already startedConclusionsKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)21 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between IMK-IFU and the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) about a cooperation in the fields of research and education (e.g. Air Quality, Climate Change) Establishing of the International Competence Center for Sustainable Urban Development (ISUD) in Santiago de Chile (“capacity building”; “multidisciplinary  research on Megacities”; “applying knowledge”) between FZK and Universidad de Chile in Santiago Contract of Cooperation between the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and IMK-IFU about “Monitoring and Modelling of Air Quality at the Megacity, Beijing” Cooperation between Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Chinese Academy of Transportation Sciences (CATS), Institute for Epidemiology (EPI) of the Helmholtz Centre Munich (HMGU), Department of Human Exposure Research and Epidemiology of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology  (KIT) (Institute of Regional Science (IRS), Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IMG), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Garmisch) on air quality and health in the Greater Area of BeijingSantiago de ChileMexico CityShanghaiBangkokCo-operationsKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)List of measurement systems in Beijing spring 2009•Layering of the lower atmosphere and mixing layer heights: ceilometers (IMK-IFU), 300 m measurement mast (IAP, IMG, IRS)•Vertical profile of meteorological data: 300 m mast (IAP)•Path-averaged concentrations of air pollutants NO, NO2 (SO2, O3, BTX, NH3, HCHO are possible) near and above the motorway: DOAS (with three retro-reflectors, up to about 150 m distance to the emitter/receiver-unit, system is changing automatically from path to path) (IMK-IFU)Inter-comparisonsComparison of air pollutant measurements by the DOAS and a monitoring station nearby: NO, NO222 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)23 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Example: determination of mixing-layer heightwith a ceilometer, this spring in BeijingKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)FirstSecondThirdThe Badaling motorwayNear-surface air pollutant monitoring with path-integrating optical methods, DOAS measurement site in Beijing near the 325 m tower24 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)25 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009沈阳辽宁 / Liáoníng / ShĕnyángNext station: Liaoning / Shenyang June 12-20, 2009KIT Topic „Urban Systems“ contributes: „What‘s flying in the air? – dust in the atmosphere, from pollen to tire abrasion“ (aerosol pollution in cities). Exposition of microscopes, images, movies, measurement devices, etc.Upcoming eventDéZhōng tóngxíngKIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)26 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009Thank you very much for your attention谢谢KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)27 | Prof. Dr. S. Emeis | IMK-IFU (KIT) / Univ. Cologne | 29.04.2009

Air quality in megacities: a challenge for interdisciplinary research

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/230075329/3815459

Air quality in megacities: a challenge for interdisciplinary research

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