Emeis, S.

Schäfer, K.

Suppan, P.

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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deInfluence of Mixing-Layer Height upon Near-Surface Particle ConcentrationsStefan Emeis, Klaus Schäfer, Peter SuppanInstitut für Meteorologie und KlimaforschungAtmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHGarmisch-Partenkirchenstefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deResults from: VALIUM (AFO2000 project of BMBF (Germany))ICAROS NET (EU project within FP5)ALPNAP (Alpine Space project, INTEREG IIIb, EU)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deInteraction between mixing-layer height and near-surface particle concentrationsmixing-layer heighthighhighlowlowparticle concentrationForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.dethis requires the simultaneous measurement ofmixing-layer height andaerosol concentrationsmixing-layer height by remote sensingaerosol concentrations by in-situ measurementsForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.dedetermination of the mixing-layer heightTypical frequency bands for remote sensing of the atmosphereaerosol rain turbu-lenceLIDAR/CeilometerRADARRASSSODARlog10 wave length λlog10 frequency νlog10 wave length λlog10 frequency ν17   16   15    14    13    12    11    10     9     8      7   6      5     41 THz              1 GHz     1 MHz1 nm              1 µm              1 mm               1 m     1 km - 9    - 8    - 7   - 6   - 5    - 4   - 3   - 2    - 1     0      1     2      3      4      55     4      3      2     1      0     -11 KHz              1 Hz1 mm               1 m                1 km - 3   - 2    - 1     0      1      2      3     Wind-profilerFTIR MWR106 cm-1 1 cm-1 10-6 cm-17     6      5      4      3     2      1      0    - 1    - 2   - 3   - 4   - 5    - 6    - 7log10 wave numberelectro-magneticacousticModified from Fig. 8.1 in „Meteorologie in Stichworten“, Borntraeger, Berlin Stuttgart 2000 stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deAcoustic Remote sensing:backscatter at thermal fluctuations and gradients(and large snow flakes)in the atmosphereForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deheighttime  emit receivemonostatic SODAR: measuring principles© Scintec, TübingenEmission of sound wavesinto three directions:in order to measure all threecomponents of the wind(horizontal and vertical)deduction: sound travel time         =  heightbackscatter intensity =  turbulenceDoppler-shift =  wind speedForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deLarge SODARof IMK-IFU(METEK DSDR3x7)frequency:   1500 Hzrange:          1300 mresolution:        20 mlowestrange gate: ca. 60 msize of instrument:height:        4 mwidth:          1,50 mlength:       10 mweight:        8 tReitebuch, O. und S. Emeis, 1998: SODAR-measurements for atmospheric research and environmental monitoring. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, N. F., 7, 11-14. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.demidnight midnight midnight midnight- 1300 m -- 60 m -Daily variation of structure and height of the mixing layer example from a summer dayacoustic backscatter intensity                              horizontal wind                   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deOptical Remote sensing:backscatter at aerosol particles,insects, water droplets, ice, and snow(fog and clouds are opaque)in the atmosphere11Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deCeilometer/LIDAR measuring principledetection: travel time of signal      = heightbackscatter intensity    = particle size and number distributionDoppler-shift                 = cannot be analyzed from ceilometer datafrom LIDAR: velocity component in line of sight heighttime  emit receiveForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deceilometerabout 1 m in sizenormally mounted verticallyemits radiation at 0.7 µm (eyesafe)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deCeilometer in Frankendorf: optical backscatter in 10-8 m-1 sr-1 for December 10, 2003Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deDifference between acoustic and optical remote sensingacoustic remote sensing:SODAR  seesthermal structure of atmospheric boundary layerwind and turbulence profilesoptical remote sensing:ceilometer  seesaerosol content of atmospheric boundary layer(often this follows the thermal structure of the boundary layer but not always, advection and secondary formation of aerosols has influence, too)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deacoustic backscatter intensity acoustic backscatter intensityheight heightupper edge of high turbulenceupper edge of high turbulencelifted inversionsurfaceinversionlow turb.well-mixed layernocturnal stable layerAlgorithms todetect MLHfrom SODAR datacriterion 1:upper edgeof highturbulencecriterion 2:surface andliftedinversionsMLH = Min (C1, C2)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deoptical backscatter intensity vertical gradient ofoptical backscatter intensityheight heightminimumgradientlargestminimumgradientAlgorithms todetect MLHfrom Ceilometer-Datencriterionminimal vertical gradientof backscatterintensity (the mostnegative gradient)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deacoustic backscatter intensityoptical backscatter intensityvertical gradient ofoptical backscatter intensityheightheightheightcomparison of both algorithmsForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deoptical backscatter intensityacoustic backscatter intensityvertical gradient of optical backscatter intensityForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deSimultaneous operation SODAR-Ceilometer: examples for summer daysCBLCBLCBLCBLSBLSBLSBLSBLRLRLRLRLRLRL RLRLSBL SBLSBL SBLEmeis, S., K. Schäfer, 2006: Remote sensing methods to investigate boundary-layer structures relevant to air pollution in cities. Bound.-Lay Meteorol., 121, 377-385,Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.denocturnal inver-sions dominateCBL tops dominate days with strong winds withoutdiurnal variationsfrequency distribution of MLHHannover, Germany, February 2002Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deMonthly mean diurnal courses of mixing-layer heightHannover, Germany 2002/03Emeis, S., M. Türk, 2004: Frequency distributions of the mixing height over an urban area from SODAR data. Meteorol. Z., 13, 361-367.Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.dedetermination of PM10Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.demeasurement of aerosol concentrations by in-situ measurementsusing beta absorptionFH62 I-R, FH62 I-NSource: www.atmosphere.mpg.deACCENT Global Change Magazine for Schools Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.decase study: Hanover (Germany),Göttinger St., 2001 – 2003correlation of dailymean valuesavoids interferences from thecorreltion of the daily courses ofMLH and emission source strengthForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deSF6 linesource and samplingsitesstreet canyonHanover, Göttinger St.Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.desummerwinterall dataPM 10roof-top station43 m a.g.l.Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.dePM 10roof-top street canyonForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.dePM 2.5roof-top station43 m a.g.l.Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.decase study: Munich (Germany),May/December 2003correlation of dailymean valuesavoids interferences from thecorreltion of the daily courses ofMLH and emission source strengthForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.desummerForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.dewinterForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.desummerwinterall dataPM 10Munichall stationsForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.dePM 10urban ruralMunich and surroundingsForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.derural and urbanbackground stationsPM 2.5Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.decase study: Inn valley January 2006Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.de15:0509:4515:55 17:35January 29, 2006Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.decompletely stable nocturnalsurface layer (NSBL)near-neutral day-timesurface layer MLHForschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deInn valley020040060080010001200140001/01 01/04 01/07 01/10 01/13 01/16 01/19 01/22 01/25 01/28 01/31 02/03µg/m³020406080100120140160µg/m³CO PM10Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deConclusionscorrelation between MLH and PM is stronger in winter than in summer (lower MLH, less secondary formation of PM) (Munich)PM concentrations in street canyon higher than at roof-top level, but no significant differences in correlation (Hanover)correlation between MLH and PM is stronger for urban sites than for rural sites (Munich)correlations for PM 10 and PM 2.5 with MLH are not significantly different (Hanover and Munich)correlations for PM with MLH are usually less than those for NOx with MLH (50% to 70% for r2) (Hanover and Munich)PM increases for longer periods with nearly constant MLH (Inn valley)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deOutlookcurrent acticities: Augsburg (combined ceilometer and sodar measurements (MLH) andair quality measurements), impact of residential heating (biomass) on air qualitymethod is applicable for larger cities (effects of urban heat island on air quality andpublic health)MLH-air quality correlations are important data for evaluation and enhancement ofmesoscale numerical air quality simulation modelsplanned activities: TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories), HGF, one measurement site willbe in the pre-Alpine areaSantiago de Chile (HGF-initiative: „Risk Habitat Megycities“)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftIMK-IFU, Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.deThank you for your attentionmixing-layer heighthighhighlowlowparticle concentration

Influence of mixing-layer height upon near-surface particle concentrations

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/240069262/3815054

Influence of mixing-layer height upon near-surface particle concentrations

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