Scheven, Esther

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| GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 1 ISO 25964 and GND Esther Scheven Contents GND in general ISO 25964 in general Interoperability in general Data model, ISO 25964-1, and GND ISO 25964 Part 2 Recommendations for Mapping Interoperability in GND How to obtain ISO 25954  Information about GND   | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 2 Gemeinsame Normdatei – GND (Integrated Authority File) – Started April 2012; licence: Creative Commons Zero  – One file: four former files: - Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei (GKD) (file for corporate bodies) - Personennormdatei (PND) (file for person names) - Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) (file for subject headings) - Normdatei für die Einheitssachtitel der Musik (EST-Datei)    (file for music uniform titles) – Volume: ca. 10 mio records (ca. 7,5 mio persons; 1,7 mio corporate bodies + conferences; 0,3 mio places; 0,2 mio topical terms; 0,2 mio uniform titles)  – Cooperative file of the German library networks and other users – Hybride file: thesaurus for topical terms; name authority file for the other entities – Further information: http://www.dnb.de/EN/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html   www.dnb.de/gnd (in German)  –   | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 3 | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 ISO 25964: Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies  - Part 1: Thesauri for information retrieval - Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies Part 1 contains guidelines for establishing monolingual and multilingual thesauri. Part 2 deals with mappings between thesauri and other types of vocabularies for information retrieval. Part 1: published 2011  Part 2: published March 2013 Developed by an international working group 2008-2013 Project leader: Stella Dextre Clarke, Great Britain  ISO 25964 4 | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 Predecessors of ISO 25964 – ISO 2788-1986  Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri    =  BS 5723:1987 – ISO 5964-1985  Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri    =  BS 6723:1985 BS 8723: Structured vocabularies for information retrieval – Guide  Part 1: Definitions, symbols and abbreviations Part 2: Thesauri Part 3: Vocabularies other than thesauri Part 4: Interoperability between vocabularies Part 5: Exchange formats and protocols for interoperability published 2005-2008 5 ISO 2788 (1986) ISO 5964 (1985) + New content, adapted from BS8723 + New content, adapted from BS8723  ISO 25964  part 1 (published 2011) ISO 25964  part 2 (published 2013) extensive revision | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 Focus: Interoperability 6 What does „interoperability“ mean?  7 Definition: The ability for two or more systems to exchange information  and to use the information that has been exchanged.  Concerning thesauri and knowledge organisation systems (KOS) there are two ways to achieve interoperability:  - Presenting data in a standard way to enable import and re-use  in other systems  - Providing mappings between the terms/concepts of one KOS  and those of another | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 How does ISO 25964 support interoperability? Part 1:  Normative guidelines for establishing thesauri  Normative guidelines how to handle multilinguality  Data model for creating a thesaurus in UML (UML: Unified Modeling Language)  Part 2:  Guidelines for mappings  Structural models  Specification of mapping types  How to handle pre-coordination  Mapping to other vocabularies, e.g. classification schemes  How to handle mapping data    | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 8 ISO 25964-1 – Exhaustive definitions – Concept (ThesaurusConcept) – Term (ThesaurusTerm) How to create the terms – Relationships: equivalence, hierarchical, associative for monolingual and multilingual thesauri – Display of thesauri (alphabetical,  hierarchical etc.) – Data management – Appendix with examples | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 9 Example: GND Hierarchical display http://melvil.dnb.de/gnd  | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 10 Data model for thesauri The model represents  Concepts of a thesaurus (ThesaurusConcept)  Use of identifiers (in GND: every record has an identifier)  Traditional hierarchical and associative relationships and user assigned relator types between concepts  Different kinds of notes like “scope notes”, “history notes”, “editorial notes”, “definitions ”, ...  Preferred terms (descriptors) and variant terms  Concept arrays and node labels   Concept groups  Compatible with SKOS, but with extensions. - Mainly aimed at IT people (not everybody has to understand it). - Can be applied to all types of thesauri. - Facilitates data exchange. Data model  (public domain) | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 12 Concept (ThesaurusConcept) and  Term (ThesaurusTerm)     A thesaurus contains concepts (ThesaurusConcept)  Concepts are represented by terms of natural language (ThesaurusTerm)  Each concept has one descriptor (PreferredTerm)  Each concept can have many alternative terms (SimpleNonPreferredTerm); it is possible to specify the type  (realized in GND) | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 13 Relationships between concepts (ThesaurusConcept)  Hierarchical relationships can be labelled generally (BT/NT) or specifically (BTG/NTG, BTP/NTP, BTI/NTI) (in GND specifically marked by relator codes: obge, obpa, obin)  Associative relationships can be labelled generally (RT) or specifically according to their role (means/purpose, cause/effect, ...) (in GND specifically marked by relator codes) Relationships in GND Expressed by four-letter relator codes  e.g. general geographical relationship: “geoa”  | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 14 More important for individual names: e.g. building <-> architect Marking the relationships  between entities (Concepts) Marking the types of variant terms of one concept e.g. “abku” for “abbreviation” or “navo” for “fuller name” internal system List of relator codes in GND | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 15 | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 16 Example:  Preferred Term Preferred Term Non Preferred Term Hierarchical relationships http://databases.unesco.org/thesaurus/wwwi32.exe/[in=affiche.in]/#2  Example | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 17 Thesaurus array and Node label (representation of polyhierarchies)  A thesaurus array (ThesaurusArray) is a group of sister concepts (concepts with a common broader term).  A node label represents the criteria by which the thesaurus arrays are differentiated, e.g. (persons according to age).  Under a node label there may be as many concepts (ThesaurusConcept) as needed. N.B.: This relationship is not BT/NT-relationship. | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 18 Example: Thesaurus Array and Node label: Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) Quelle: http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATHierarchy?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300008407 In AAT node labels are called Guide Terms.  The node labels marked with arrows are subordinated under the node label <settlements by function>. All concepts listed here, e.g. capital cities, municipalities, bastides, or military towns, are narrower terms (NT) of the broader term (BT) inhabited places. Node labels group these concepts according to different aspects (e.g. according to their function: administrative or military). The concepts under a node label represent a thesaurus array.  Thesaurus Array   | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 Polyhierarchy in GND (hierarchical representation) GND has no “Node Label” 19 OB = BT BF =  used for IDN = identifier NID = identifier | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 20 Concept group (ConceptGroup)    a  Concept groups represent systematical structures like classes of a classification, microthesauri, subject groups, categories, etc.  It is possible to specify the type of a concept group (e.g. classification, taxonomy)  It is possible to correlate one concept group with as many concept groups (they are normally more specific) as needed. N.B.: This relationship is not BT/NT-relationship.  Each concept group can be assigned certain concepts (ThesaurusConcept). N.B.: This relationship is not a BT/NT-relationship. | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 21 Example „Concept Group“:  STW Thesaurus of Economics http://zbw.eu/stw/versions/8.04/thsys/b/about.en.html  Concept groups  More specific concept groups of the superordinated concept group B | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 22 Example:  Concept group MT=Microthesaurus Concept group Associative relationship | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 23 Example: topical term Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) Quelle http://d-nb.info/gnd/4185172-9     Preferred Term Scope Notes Hierarchical relationship Non preferred Terms Associative relationship Concept group | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 24 Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies Scope: “This part of ISO 25964 deals with thesauri and other  types of vocabulary that are commonly used for information retrieval. It describes, compares and contrasts the elements and features of these vocabularies that are implicated when interoperability is needed. It gives recommendations for the establishment and maintenance of mappings between multiple thesauri, or between thesauri and other types of vocabularies.” Challenges for mapping: defined as the “process of establishing relationships  between the concepts of one vocabulary and those  of another” | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 25 Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies Contents:      - General guidelines for mappings - Definitions, symbols - Structural models between vocabularies - Guidelines for establishing mappings - Impact of the application on the mapping - Data management, display, functionality - Exchange formats  - Representation of different vocabularies under the aspect    of mappings - Thesauri - Classifications - File plans - Taxonomies - Subject heading schemes - Ontologies - Terminologies - Name authority lists - Synonym rings Normative: guidelines concerning mappings Informative/descriptive: brief representations of different vocabularies   | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 Why are vocabularies like termbanks or synonym rings  included, which are not used for information retrieval? Because they can provide vital support for searching and indexing by enriching the search terms. The described principles can be applied to them as well. What about ontologies ? (only heavyweight ontology)   ontology ≠ thesaurus   other elements and other aims -> no mappings recommended,  instead supplementary usage of an      ontology   26 Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 Two different types of vocabularies   structural unity: The mapped vocabularies have the same structure.  The equivalence of the concepts of such vocabularies is expressed by their identical structural position in the vocabulary. All relationships of the concepts correspond to each other; the concept terms can be automatically linked to pairs.  (e.g. multilingual  thesauri of public authorities)   Only real equivalence pairs: = EQ 27 | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 28 Two different types of vocabularies continued  structural disunity: The mapped vocabularies do not have the same structure.  Equivalence of concepts has nothing to do with their position in the vocabularies. The mapping process produces either exact equivalence pairs or inexact equivalence pairs.  Different types of equivalences: exact equivalence: =EQ inexact equivalence: ~EQ The concept is broader: BM (“Broader Mapping” ) The concept is narrower: NM (“Narrower Mapping”) The concepts are some how related: RM (“Related Mapping”) 1:n-Relationship:  - listing of single, narrower terms                            - combination of several terms Structural models for mapping  | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 29 A B C D Which of these are recommended? E F G H P Q R S | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 30 Structural models for mapping  1. All concepts of all vocabularies are tied to each other.        A B C D - vocabularies with structural unity: only exact equivalences - vocabularies with structural disunity: exact equivalences and    many inexact equivalences -> very difficult and costly; appropiate only if few vocabularies are      involved | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 31 2. One vocabulary has the role of a hub; the concepts of the different vocabularies are only mapped to the concepts of this vocabulary.    Structural models for mapping  E F G H -> appropriate for vocabularies with different structures,   - especially if many vocabularies have to be mapped.  - if there is a vocabulary with a dominating position. Recommended types of mapping – Equivalence – Hierarchical – Associative Optionally distinguish between - “exact” and “inexact” equivalence - compound equivalence, either cumulative or intersecting | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 32 Women executives        EQ Women + Executives Compound equivalence Inland waterways  EQ rivers | canals | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 33 - Typical for classification schemes, subject heading schemes, taxonomies -> Compound equivalence; can be very complex Precombination / Precoordination Use of Mappings e.g. - In the retrieval starting from the classification - In the retrieval starting from the thesaurus  -> application has impact on the mapping Interoperability in GND: Name authority file – Technical integration of name authority files and a thesaurus -> Same data format used; authority records have the same structure; only one database; relationships between entities are presented using the same method.   | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 34 Name authority files and thesaurus Linked by instantial relationships: Generic term as instantial broader term for an individual name in the sub-file „subject cataloguing“ according specific rules Bodensee (Lake Constance) BTI See      (Lake)  Schwarze Dame Osterfeld 1988 BTI Schachklub      (chess club) BTI: Broader Term,         instantial = obin: relator code              in GND Mappings in the context of MACS (Multilingual Access to Subjects); the mappings are kept in a special system – GND-LCSH; GND-Rameau – Only equivalences without specifying the rate of accordance (no hierarchical or associative relationships) – n:1 and 1:n-mappings are possible  (compound equivalences)  The data format of GND can only handle 1:1 mappings. It is planned to import all 1:1 mappings into GND (ca. 40.000).   For the 1:n-mappings the data format of GND has to be expanded. | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 35 Interoperability in GND: Other subject heading schemes Interoperability in GND: Other thesauri Mapping between GND / STW  Thesaurus of Economics Mapping between GND / Thesoz Thesaurus for the Social Sciences -> The type of mapping is specified:     - equivalence:        - exact equivalence        - inexact equivalence:  GND-concept is broader     GND-concept is narrower     - associative 1:n- and n:1-Mappings Relevance The concept group of the other thesaurus is carried along. -> no part of GND; they are kept in a special system       | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 36 Interoperability in GND: DDC  (CrissCross-Project) - Topical terms and authority records for places get a DDC number - Application: to explore during retrieval - Principle of mapping: not systematics of concepts but the literary warrant is important - 4 degrees of coverage (determinacy) (determinacy 4 = full conceptual coverage between GND-concept and DDC-class; 1 = only slight conceptual congruency) - Challenge: subject headings are often only a narrower match (only a subset of a DDC-class) No information about the type of mapping as EQ, NM, BM or RM -> A combination of determinancy and type of mapping would improve the retrieval.  | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 37 Example – Chick-pea | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 38 065 24.3;32.4  (GND-Systematics) 083 583.74$d2$t2007-01-01   botany 083 633.37$d2$t2007-01-01  crop plants 083 635.657$d3$t2007-01-01  in horticulture 083 641.35657$d3$t2007-01-01 specific food from plant crops 083 641.65657$d1$t2007-01-01 cooking with chick-peas 150 Kichererbse (Preferred Term) 450 Cicer arietinum (Synonyma) 670 B 1986  (Source; “Scope Note”) $d= determinacy Chick-pea: DDC classes (determinacy given in brackets) – 583.74 Fabales (Leguminales)  (D2) – 633.37 Other legumes  Including: chick-peas, fava beans ...  (D2) – 635.657 Chick-peas  (D3) – 641.35657 Chick-peas , . . . (D3) – 641.65657 Chick-peas—Cooking (D1) Although 641.65657 deals with cooking of chick-peas the determinacy is low as most literature about chick-peas does not deal with cooking of chick-peas.     | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 39 ISO 25964 and GND - Evaluation ISO 25964:  Comprehensive theoretical background for establishing thesauri, illustrated by examples.  Valuable guidelines for creating mappings between different vocabularies.  GND: Realizes already many recommendations of ISO 25964 concerning the building of a thesaurus and mappings. -> GND is an innovative tool  How to improve GND according to ISO 25964: - Broader use of identifiers (not only for the record but also for    concept groups or terms) - For future mappings: the type of mapping (EQ, NM, BM, RM) should be   taken into account as well.   | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 40 | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 How to get ISO 25964 In Germany: both parts ISO 25964  Beuth-Verlag http://www.beuth.de/de/  Directly via ISO http://www.iso.org  Part 1: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=53657 (238,00 CHF) Part 2: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=53658 (196,00 CHF)  Data model: http://www.niso.org/schemas/iso25964  (and further general information to ISO 25964)  41 Information about GND Homepage of DNB (German, English): www.dnb.de/gnd;  http://www.dnb.de/EN/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html   Public GND-Wiki (only in German): https://wiki.dnb.de/x/8IYOAw  Any questions?  Esther Scheven  Deutsche Nationalbibliothek  Inhaltserschließung  Adickesallee 1  D - 60322 Frankfurt am Main  Tel.: +49-69-1525-1547  Fax:  +49-69-1525-1555  mailto:e.scheven@dnb.de  http://www.dnb.de  | GfKl - Luxemburg | ISO 25964 und GND | Scheven | 10.07.2013 42 

ISO 25964 and GND

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ISO 25964 and GND

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