Utjecaj primjene načela održive poljoprivrede na konkurentnost zemalja u razvoju

Abstract

Cilj rada je utvrditi kako na konkurentnost poljoprivredne proizvodnje zemalja u razvoju utječe primjena okolišnih standarda, s naglaskom na ekološku dimenziju. Države koje poštuju načela održivog razvoja u poljoprivredi i obvezu poštovanja okolišnih standarda u kojima je poljoprivreda važna gospodarska djelatnost i okosnica izvoza, nove regulative smatraju trgovinskim barijerama. Rad se zasniva na istraživanjima proizvodnje kakaovca u zemljama u razvoju i papra u malezijskoj pokrajini Sarawak. Rezultati pokazuju kako su strože regulative pri zaštiti okoliša i povećanje troškova kod primjene kemijskih proizvoda potaknule farmere na proizvodnju ekološkog papra te se poboljšala tržišna konkurentnost kod proizvodnje crnog i bijelog papra u Maleziji. S druge strane, proizvodnja kakaovca na ekološki prihvatljiv način zahtjeva ogromna ulaganja od strane vlade. Svaki proizvođač ima različitu strukturu troškova tako da bi internalizacija vanjskih učinaka mogla rezultirati većim proizvodnim troškovima u nekim zemljama te manjima u drugim.The aim of the thesis/paper is to determine how the change of the environmental standards affects the competitiveness of the agricultural production in developing countries with a particular emphasis on the ecological dimension. Some countries incorporate the principles of sustainable development in agriculture and comply with the obligations of the ecological standards, according to which agriculture is an important economic activity as well as the mainstay of export. Nevertheless, these countries consider them (the regulations) trade barriers. The thesis/paper is based on the research of the cocoa production in developing countries and the pepper production in the Malaysian region of Sarawak. The results show that stricter regulations in the environment protection together with the increase of expenses and the use of chemical products have encouraged farmers to produce ecological pepper, which resulted in an improved market competitiveness in the production of white and black pepper in Malaysia. On the other hand, the production of cocoa in an ecologically acceptable way requires vast inventments on the part of the government. Each producer has a different expense structure and as a result, the internalization of the outside effects causes/generates higher production expenses in some and lower in other countries