The road towards achievement of the climate protection goals requires, among the rest, a thorough rethinking of the
energy planning tools (and policies) at all levels, from local to global. Nevertheless, it is in the cities where the largest
part of energy is produced and consumed, and therefore it makes sense to focus the attention particularly on the cities
as they yield great potentials in terms of energy consumption reduction and efficiency increase. As a direct
consequence, a comprehensive knowledge of the demand and supply of energy resources, including their spatial
distribution within urban areas, is therefore of utmost importance. Precise, integrated knowledge about 3D urban
space, i.e. all urban (above and underground) features, infrastructures, their functional and semantic characteristics, and
their mutual dependencies and interrelations play a relevant role for advanced simulation and analyses.
As a matter of fact, what in the last years has proven to be an emerging and effective approach is the adoption of
standard-based, integrated semantic 3D virtual city models, which represent an information hub for most of the abovementioned
needs. In particular, being based on open standards (e.g. on the CityGML standard by the Open Geospatial
Consortium), virtual city models firstly reduce the effort in terms of data preparation and provision. Secondly, they offer
clear data structures, ontologies and semantics to facilitate data exchange between different domains and applications.
However, a standardised and omni-comprehensive urban data model covering also the energy domain is still missing
at the time of writing (January 2018). Even CityGML falls partially short when it comes to the definition of specific
entities and attributes for energy-related applications.
Nevertheless, and starting from the current version of CityGML (i.e. 2.0), this article describes the conception and the
definition of an Energy Application Domain Extension (ADE) for CityGML. The Energy ADE is meant to offer a unique
and standard-based data model to fill, on one hand, the above-mentioned gap, and, on the other hand, to allow for
both detailed single-building energy simulation (based on sophisticated models for building physics and occupant
behaviour) and city-wide, bottom-up energy assessments, with particular focus on the buildings sector. The overall
goal is to tackle the existing data interoperability issues when dealing with energy-related applications at urban scale.
The article presents the rationale behind the Energy ADE, it describes its main characteristics, the relation to other
standards, and provides some examples of current applications and case studies already adopting it
