1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene (TAP)-labeled enterobactin was developed as an iron ion sensor. 3-Acetylated-TAP was successfully introduced to the catechol ring of enterobactin, a well-recognized siderophore secreted by various Gram-negative bacteria. The fluorescence of TAPlabeled enterobactin decreased gradually as the amount of Fe3+ ion as an additive was increased, and 1.2 equiv of Fe3+ ion completely quenched the fluorescence. In clear contrast, when other metal ions were used, the fluorescence of TAP-labeled enterobactin remained even at 5.0 equiv

Hayashi, Tsukiho

Murata, Yoshiko

Nakayama, Atsushi

Namba, Kosuke

Osawa, Ayumi

Watanabe, Takehiro

English

Tokushima University Institutional Repository

Graphical Abstract To create your abstract, type over the instructions in the template box below. Fonts or abstract dimensions should not be changed or altered. Development of 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene-labeled Enterobactin as a Fluorescence Quenching Sensor of Iron Ion. Tsukiho Hayashi, Ayumi Osawa, Takehiro Watanabe, Yoshiko Murata, Atsushi Nakayama, and Kosuke Namba Leave this area blank for abstract info. © 2017. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The published version is available via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.0111 Tetrahedron Letters journa l  home pa ge :  www.e lsev ier .com  Development of 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene-labeled Enterobactin as a Fluorescence Quenching Sensor of Iron Ion. Tsukiho Hayashia, Ayumi Osawab, Takehiro Watanabec, Yoshiko Muratac, Atsushi Nakayamaa, and Kosuke Nambaa* aGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan bGraduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060–0810 cSuntory Foundation of Life Sciences, Bioorganic Research Institute, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto 619-0284 ——— * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-88-633-7293; fax: +81-88-633-9575; e-mail: namba@tokushima-u.ac.jpIron is an essential element for the vital activity of all living organisms on Earth. However, most organisms suffer from iron-deficiency stress because most iron exists as poorly water-soluble trivalent iron salts in the earth’s current environment under conditions of high-oxygen partial pressure. To acquire insoluble iron efficiently, some kinds of microorganisms have developed an original strategy characterized by the synthesis and secretion of siderophores as an efficient iron chelator and by the specific uptake of the resulting iron(III) complex.1 Not surprisingly, siderophores have been a subject of intensive research due to not only their physiological importance but also their interesting chemical properties, such as a high affinity for metal ions and a noteworthy structural change after complexation.2 Enterobactin (1) is a well-recognized siderophore produced by various Gram-negative bacteria, and its affinity for ferric ion is one of thehighest among known siderophores (Figure 1).3 Thus, thedevelopment of enterobactin analogs as functionalized moleculeshas been strenuously studied, and their application to thedetection of bacteria4 and the enhancement of antibacterial agentactivity5 was recently reported. We also focused on the high ironaffinity of enterobactin and planned to apply it to an iron sensor.Herein, we report a new fluorescent probe based on enterobactinfor the detection of iron ion.There have been several examples of iron ion sensors by the assembly of siderophores and fluorescent organic molecules.6 For example, Su et al. developed a highly selective iron ion sensor called FIDFO, which consists of fluorescein and desferrioxamine.6a Thus, we expected that the combination of enterobactin and fluorescence organic molecules might form an efficient iron sensor due to enterobactin’s highest affinity for iron ion relative to other siderophores. Figure 1. Molecular design of iron sensor. O OOONHONHOHNOHOHOOOHOHOOHOHFe3+NNNNN NNNNNNN NNN1,3a,6a-triazapentalene (TAP, 2)245 631· compact· highly fluorescent chromophore· neutral moleculeOOO O OOOOHNNHNH OOOOOOFeN NNNNN NN NOTAP-Enterobactin (3) 3 - Fe3+ complexO OOONHONHOHNOHOHOOOHOHOOHOH Enterobactin (1)(a) (b)ART ICL E  INFO ABST RACT Article history: Received Received in revised form Accepted Available online 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene (TAP)-labeled enterobactin was developed as an iron ion sensor. 3-Acetylated-TAP was successfully introduced to the catechol ring of enterobactin, a well-recognized siderophore secreted by various Gram-negative bacteria. The fluorescence of TAP-labeled enterobactin decreased gradually as the amount of Fe3+ ion as an additive was increased, and 1.2 equiv of Fe3+ ion completely quenched the fluorescence. In clear contrast, when other metal ions were used, the fluorescence of TAP-labeled enterobactin remained even at 5.0 equiv. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: iron ion sensor fluorescence quenching 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene enterobactin siderophore Tetrahedron 2 On the other hand, fluorescent organic molecules connecting to enterobactin adopted the 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene (TAP, 2) as a compact fluorophore that does not disturb iron complexation or uptake by bacteria. We recently discovered that the 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene skeleton without an additional fused ring system is a compact and highly fluorescent chromophore, and that it exhibits various useful fluorescence properties such as a large Stokes shift and a positive fluorescence solvatochromism.7 Since the initial disclosure of the fluorescence system of TAPs, we have strenuously studied the application development of TAPs8 and other groups also reported the alternative synthetic method of highly fluorescent TAPs.9 Interestingly, the fluorescence wavelength and intensity of 1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes vary widely with the electron density of 2-substitutents. Based on this fluorescence property, we designed the TAP-enterobactin 3, which possesses a TAP system on the catechol rings of enterobactin. The coordination of catechol to the iron ion should induce a change in the electron state of the phenyl ring as the 2-substituent of TAP, and this would mean a simultaneous change in the fluorescence of TAP. In addition, the structural change in TAP-enterobactin 3 induced by complexation is also expected to change the fluorescence of TAP (Figure 1).  We first tried to synthesize a catechol moiety possessing a TAP system, and began this attempt with iodovanillin 410. The hydroxyl groups of 4 were protected by the SEM group after demethylation to give 5. The CO insertion reaction of 5 in methanol proceeded smoothly to afford methyl ester 6 in 79% yield, although the neighboring SEM group was removed. Thus, the free hydroxyl group of 6 was protected by the SEM group again to give bis-SEM−protected 7, which was treated with diazophosphonate 811 to afford alkyne 9 in 83% yield. Finally, the method of synthesizing 1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes developed by our group7 was applied to alkyne 9, and the reaction of 9 with azidoditriflate 10 in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(I) salt proceeded smoothly to give the desired TAP-catechol derivative 11 in 80% yield (Scheme 1).  Scheme 1.  Synthesis of TAP-catechol unit 11.  Having prepared TAP-labeled catechol derivative 11, condensation with the serine trimer 1312 was next examined. After the hydrolysis of the methyl ester of 11 by treatment with 1.0 equiv of lithium hydroxide at 85 °C followed by the evaporation of the solvents, the resulting lithium salt 12 was directly treated with the serine trimer 13 in the presence of DMT-MM13 as a condensing reagent, which is available in both alcohol and water solvents, as reported by Kunishima. However, the desired product 15 was not obtained, and neither were various other conditions. Thus, we next tried to construct TAP rings after the condensation of catechol-alkyne with serine trimer 13. The methyl ester of alkyne 9 was hydrolyzed under similar conditions to give lithium salt 14. After the solvents were removed, the condensation of the resulting 14 with 13 by the combined action of DMT-MM and NMM•HCl in methanol proceeded to afford the desired condensing product in 56% yield. The subsequent TAP-forming reaction of the resulting alkyne proceeded, and we observed the formation of the desired 15 by a direct 1H NMR measurement of the reaction mixture after evaporation. However, the isolation of 15 was very difficult due to its poor stability under the conditions of workup and silica gel column chromatography. Thus, we should increase the stability of the TAP system on the catechol ring.  Scheme 2. Examination of synthesis of 15.  The TAP ring system possessing electron-withdrawing substituents at the C2-position is basically stable, whereas the electron-donating derivatives readily decompose under acidic and oxidative conditions due to the high nucleophilicity at the C3-position of TAP. Although the catechol ring system of 15 probably decreased the stability of TAP, it would be difficult to further modify the catechol moiety to serve as an iron chelator. Thus, we next planned to introduce the substituents at the C3-position of TAP as a protecting group. Since Shi et al. also reported that the electron-withdrawing groups at the C3-position increase the stability of 1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes,9a we attempted to introduce an electron-withdrawing group. After comparing several substituents at the C3-position of TAP (See Supporting Information Table S1), we adopted an acetyl group as the best substituent. Acetylation at the C3-position of TAP was achieved by treating TAP 11 with acetic anhydride and triethylamine by reference to Hirobe’s procedure.14 The acetylated 16 was hydrolyzed to lithium salt, and subsequent condensation using DMT-MM with serine trimer 13 in methanol proceeded to give the desired condensing product in 62% isolated yield. The OSEMOSEMCO2MeHOOSEMOSEMIOHOSEMOSEMCO2MeK2CO3, MeOH83%CO, NEt3Pd(PPh3)4MeOH-DMF80 °C79%OSEMOHOHCO2Me SEMCl, i-Pr2NEtCH2Cl2-15 °C to rt91%IOHOMeOH1) BBr3, CH2Cl2    -15 °C2) SEMCl, i-Pr2NEt    CH2Cl2    -15 °C to rt    60% (2 steps)CuI(Me2NC2H4)2OEt3N, THF80%OTfN3OTfOP(OMe)2ON2CO2MeOSEMOSEMNNN4 56 789 1110LiOH·H2Odioxane-H2O85 °CDMT-MMNEt3, MeOH(1.0 eq)O OOONHONHOHNOSEMOSEMOOOSEMOSEMOOSEMOSEMNNNNN NNNNCO2LiOSEMOSEMNNN11(4.0 eq)9(3.7 eq)OSEMOSEMCO2Li1) 13  (1.0 eq)    DMT-MM, NMM·HCl    MeOH, 56%2) 10, CuI    (Me2NC2H4)2O    Et3N, THF15O OOONH3ClOClH3NONH3Cl1213LiOH·H2Odioxane-H2O85 °CX(unstable)14 3 acetylated TAP analog was stable enough for purification. Finally, the SEM groups were deprotected by treatment with anhydrous hydrogen chloride in 2-propanol to obtain the desired 17 in quantitative yield (Scheme 3).  Scheme 3.  Synthesis of TAP-labeled Enterobactin 17. With TAP-labeled enterobactin 17 in hand, we investigated the fluorescence change that occurs with the addition of iron(III). To a solution of 17 in DMSO were added various amounts of Fe(acac)3 as an Fe3+ ion source,15 and the mixtures were excited at 350 nm. The fluorescence maximum of 17 at 525 nm in DMSO did not shift with the addition of Fe(acac)3, whereas the fluorescence intensity of 17 sensitively responded to the Fe3+ ion. The fluorescence intensity decreased gradually according to the amount of Fe3+ ion, and the fluorescence of 17 completely disappeared when 1.2 equiv of Fe(acac)3 was added (Figure 2). The formation of a 1 : 1 complex of 17 with Fe3+ ion was confirmed by HRMS spectroscopy. Similar behaviors of fluorescence intensity were also observed in DMF and tert-butanol.16 On the other hand, since 17 did not dissolve in water, its fluorescence behavior in water was not examined.  Figure 2. Fluorescence spectrum (excited at 350 nm) of 17 with Fe3+ in DMSO. Next, the effects of other metals (Al3+, V3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Li+) on the fluorescence intensity of 17 were investigated. Various acetylacetonate complexes were used as a metal source to fix the conditions. To a 1.0 µM solution of 17 in DMSO were added various solutions of M(acac)n in DMSO, and the mixtures were excited at 350 nm. The fluorescence intensity of 17 at 525 nm without metal ions was set as 100%, and the relative intensity of fluorescence with the addition of each equivalent of M(acac)n was measured (Figure 3). Interestingly, whereas the addition of 1.0 equiv of Fe3+ ion almost completely quenched the fluorescence of 17, fluorescence remained with metals other than iron, although there were some differences. Especially, Li+ ion remained highly fluorescent with the addition of 1.0 equiv, and the further additions decreased fluorescence gradually according to the amount of Li+ ion. Probably, Li+ ion formed a complex with 17 poorly, and fluorescence was still highly observed with the excess amount of Li+ ion. On the other hand, the addition of Al3+ ion decreased fluorescence substantially at the point of 1.0 equiv, although further additions did not further decrease fluorescence; rather, high levels remained. Since it is already known that Al3+ ion has a high affinity for enterobactin,3a 1.0 equiv of Al3+ ion should form a 1 : 1 complex with 17. Thus, Al3+ ion halved the fluorescence as a particular property of Al3+ and/or the half fluorescence was induced by the structural change in response to complexation. In contrast, the fourth-period metals equal to iron, such as Ca2+, V3+, Cu2+, and Ni2+, showed sharp declines in fluorescence with the increase of equivalents. In particular, the fluorescence of transition metals decreased at 5.0 equiv. Thus, it was found that transition metals tend to decrease the fluorescence at a rate greater than typical metals. However, their fluorescence did not completely disappear, unlike the case with iron ion.   Figure 3. Fluorescence intensities of 17 at 525 nm with various metal ions and equivalents. The metals other than iron did not show the complete quenching of the fluorescence of 17 even when 5.0 equiv of metal ions was added, whereas 1.2 equiv of Fe3+ ion was enough to quench fluorescence completely. These differences were also observed by the naked eye. Figure 4 shows the fluorescent emissions in the presence of 5.0 equiv of metal ions in 1.0 x 10-6M DMSO solution. The fluorescence of 17 with Li+ and Al3+ ions were sufficiently observed with the results similar to the fluorescence spectral measurement. The other metals, such as Ca2+, V3+, and Cu2+, also showed visible fluorescence. Although the fluorescence with Ni2+ ion was very weak, we were able to carefully observe the fluorescence. In clear contrast, the addition of only 1.2 equiv of Fe3+ ion showed no fluorescence. Therefore, TAP-labeled enterobactin 17 was confirmed to be a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence-quenching sensor of Fe3+ ion that was effective in 10-6M solutions.  Figure 4. The pictures of fluorescence with 5.0 equiv of various metal ions. a1.2 equiv of Fe(acac)3 was added.  NEt3, Ac2O87%1) LiOH·H2O    dioxane-H2O, 55 °C2) 13  (1.0 eq), DMT-MM      iPr2NEt, MeOH, 62%3) 0.5 M HCl,  iPrOH    quant.11O OOONHONHOHNOHOHOOOHOHOOHOHNNNNN NNNNOOO16 (4.0 eq)CO2MeOSEMOSEMNNNO173λmaxabs  =  343 nmλmaxem   =  525 nmΦF =  0.019010203040360 410 460 510 560 610 660IntensityWevelength / nm0.0 eq0.1 eq0.5 eq1.0 eq1.2 eq01020304050607080901000.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0Intensity (%)Mn+(acac)n equiv.Al3+Li+Ca2+V3+Cu2+Ni2+Fe3+3++2+3+2+2+3+       Li+     Al3+   Ca2+     V3+     Cu2+    Ni2+     Fe3+  a Tetrahedron 4 In conclusion, we developed a novel iron ion sensor 17 by combining enterobactin as a siderophore and TAP as a fluorescent organic molecule. Although the synthesis of TAP-labeled enterobactin was initially difficult due to the instability of TAP on the catechol ring, we later found that the 3-acetylated TAP derivative could be introduced to the catechol ring of enterobactin. The synthetic TAP-labeled enterobactin 17 was proven to be a highly sensitive and iron-specific quenching probe. Since the iron-specific fluorescence quenching mechanism could not be explained by simple photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism, the mechanistic details remain to be seen. The computational studies are currently underway in our laboratory. To prompt the expansion of 17 to biological studies, such as an iron concentration measurement inside cells, the next subjects of study are how to increase fluorescence intensity and how to improve solubility in water. Acknowledgments This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP16H01156 in Middle Molecular Strategy and JP16H03292. K.N. is grateful to the Naito Foundation, Yamada Foundation, the Kurata Foundation, and the Uehara Memorial Foundation for support through a Research Fund.   Supplementary data Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at http://  References and notes 1. a) Saha, R.; Saha, N.; Donofrio, R. S.; Bestervelt, L. L. J. Basic Microbiol. 2013, 53, 303.   b) Ali, S. S.; Vidhale, N.N. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2013, 2, 303.   c) Boukhalfa, H.; Crumbliss, A. L.; BioMetals 2002, 15, 325. 2. Saha, M.; Sarkar, S.; Sarkar, B., Sharma, B. K.; Bhattacharjee, S.;   Tribedi, P. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 3984. 3. a) Loomis, L. D.; Raymond, K. N. Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 906.   b) Perron, N. R.; Brumaghim, J. L. Cell. Biochem. Biophys. 2009, 53, 75. 4. Lee, A. A.; Chen, Y.-C. S.; Ekalestari, E.; Ho, S.-Y.; Hsu, N.-S.; Kuo, T.-F.; Wang, T.-S. A.  Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 12338.  5. Zheng, T.; Nolan, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 9677.  6. a) Su, B-L.; Moniotte, N.; Nivarlet, N.; Tian, G.; Desmet, J. Pure Appl. Chem. 2010, 82, 2199. b) Saha, M.; Sarkar, S.; Sarkar, B.; Sharma, B. K.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Tribedi, P. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 3984. c) Palanche, B. P.; Marmolle, F.; Abraham, M. A.; Shanzer, A.; Albrecht-Gray, A. M. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 4, 188. d) Delattre, F.; Cazier-Dennin, F.; Leleu, L.; Dewaele, D.; Landy, D.; Mallard, I.; Danjou, P.-E.; Talanta 2015, 44, 451. 7. Namba, K.; Osawa, A.; Ishizaka, S.; Kitamura, N.; Tanino, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 11466.  8. a) Namba, K.; Mera, A.; Osawa, A.; Sakuda, E.; Kitamura, N.; Tanino, K. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 5554. b) Namba, K.; Osawa, A.; Nakayama, A.; Mera, A.; Tano, F.; Chuman, Y.; Sakuda, E.; Taketsugu, T.; Sakaguchi, K.; Kitamura, N.; Tanino, K. Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 1083. c) Nakayama, A.; Nishio, S.; Otani, A.; Mera, A.; Osawa, A.; Tanino, K.; Namba, K. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2016, 64, 830. d) Kamada, R.; Tano, F.; Kudoh, F.; Kimura, N.; Chuman, Y.; Osawa, A.; Namba, K.;  Tanino, K.; Sakaguchi, K. PLOS ONE 2016, 11, e0160625. e) Sawada, J.; Osawa, A.; Takeuchi, T.; Kaneda, M.; Oishi, S.; Fujii, N.; Asai, A.; Tanino, K.; Namba, K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 5765.  9. a) Cai, R.; Wang, D.; Chen, Y.; Yan, W.; Geise, N. R.; Sharma, S.; Li, H.; Petersen, J. L.; Li, M.; Shi, X. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 7303. b) Verbelen, B.; Dehaen, W. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 6412. 10. Kometani, T.; Watt, D. S.; Ji, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 2043. 11. a) Ohira, S.; Synth. Commun. 1989, 19, 561. b) Müller, S.; Liepold, B.; Roth, G. J.; Bestmann, H. J. Synlett 1996, 6, 521.   12. Marinez, E. R.; Salmassian, E. K.; Lau, T. T.; Gutierrez, C. G.  J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3548.  13. Kunishima, M.; Kawachi, C.; Hioki, K.; Terao, K.; Tani, S. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 1551.  14. Koga, H.; Hirobe, M.; Okamoto, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 19, 1291.  15. Since 17 was not stable under strongly acidic conditions, Fe(acac)3 was used for the complexation under neutral condition.  16. The solubility of 17 in ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and water is poor, whereas 17 readily dissolved in DMSO, DMF, n-BuOH and t-BuOH. The case of methanol needed diluted condition.    Click here to remove instruction text...

Development of 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene-labeled enterobactin as a fluorescence quenching sensor of iron ion

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Development of 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene-labeled enterobactin as a fluorescence quenching sensor of iron ion

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