Gudnason, Gunnar

An amplitude shift keying (ASK) demodulator is presented which is suitable for implantable electronic devices that are powered through an inductive link. The demodulator has been tested with carrier frequencies in the range 1-15 MHz, covering most commonly used frequencies. Data rates up to several 100kbit/s are supported, suitable for complex implants such as stimulating electrode arrays or visual implants. The circuit is compatible with modulation depths in the range 10-100%. The low end of the range permits data transmission without significant reduction in power transfer, or the use of transmitter designs with limited modulation capability. The power consumption is 60 μW from a 3 V supply. The circuit has been implemented in a standard CMOS process

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 17, 2017A low-power ASK demodulator for inductively coupled implantable electronicsGudnason, GunnarPublished in:Proceedings of the 26th European Solid-State Circuits ConferencePublication date:2000Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Gudnason, G. (2000). A low-power ASK demodulator for inductively coupled implantable electronics. InProceedings of the 26th European Solid-State Circuits Conference (pp. 385-388)A low-power ASK demodulator for inductively coupled implantable electronicsGunnar GudnasonDept. of Information Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngbygg@it.dtu.dkAbstractAn amplitude shift keying (ASK) demodulator is pre-sented which is suitable for implantable electronic de-vices that are powered through an inductive link. The de-modulator has been tested with carrier frequencies in therange 1–15 MHz, covering most commonly used frequen-cies. Data rates up to several 100kbit/s are supported,suitable for complex implants such as stimulating elec-trode arrays or visual implants. The circuit is compatiblewith modulation depths in the range 10–100%. The lowend of the range permits data transmission without signif-icant reduction in power transfer, or the use of transmit-ter designs with limited modulation capability. The powerconsumption is 60 µW from a 3 V supply. The circuit hasbeen implemented in a standard CMOS process.1. IntroductionInductively coupled links are widely used nowadays inconjunction with high-performance implantable devices,to provide wireless power and data transmission to the im-plant. The link consists of two resonant RLC circuits, withthe external primary circuit driven by a power amplifier,and the implanted secondary circuit acting as an antenna.Several different circuit topologies are possible [1] but itwill be assumed here without loss of generality that thesecondary circuit is parallel resonant. The power ampli-fier is usually a switching type such as a class D or E withan amplitude modulated output [2]. Efficient transmitterdesign and power transfer requirements can limit the AMmodulation depth to 10–20%.One of the special requirements of implantable systemsis that maximum power transfer may be desired during pe-riods when the data link is idle, as for example betweenstimulation commands in a stimulator system. Modula-tion of the carrier during idle periods is unwanted in suchcases, and the idle periods can therefore not be used toestablish the modulation levels in the detector.The operating conditions for implantable electronicsare in many respects similar to those experienced by con-tactless smart card ICs. The main difference is the avail-able power in the transmitter. An ASK method based onsensing the current passed through an on-chip shunt regu-lator is presented in [3], but in a portable battery-operatingsystem, the ideal situation is when little or no current iswasted in a shunt regulator. Ideally, the supply voltage ofthe implant is regulated by varying the transmitted powerinstead. This can be done by monitoring the supply volt-age through a bidirectional data link, and regulating thetransmitted power accordingly.The weak coupling commonly found between the pri-mary and secondary coils means that the power transfer isvery inefficient. Any reduction in the power consump-tion of an implant can therefore significantly affect thepower economy of the system as a whole, and in the caseof battery-operated external transmitters, increase batterylife.One of the basic parts found in all digitally controlledimplants is the demodulator, and this paper presents a ver-satile ASK demodulator, which features a low power con-sumption without limiting the bit rate or setting unreason-able constraints on the modulation form.2. System overviewFigure 1 shows a block diagram of the demodulator.The input signal and power are received through an an-tenna consisting of a tuned parallel LC resonator. Thepower for the implant is extracted by a bridge rectifier andaccumulated in a storage capacitor (not shown). Depend-ing on the technology, the rectifier may be on-chip or ex-ternal. The RF signal is taken from one side of the antennaand fed through a passive input network to a current-modesquarer. The squarer has a differential output which isconnected to a differential low-pass filter, and an extractedcarrier output which can be used as a system clock. Theoutput of the LPF is connected to a level detector whichextracts the digital modulation data from the envelope in-formation.2.1. Input networkThe amplitude of the antenna signal can be far greaterthan that which can be handled by modern CMOS tech-nologies. The signal can therefore not be connected di-rectly to a transistor gate or diffusion, but must be condi-tioned in some way. Input protection diodes are not usedsince they would interfere with the operation of the bridgerectifier. In some cases it is desirable to maintain a supplyvoltage external to the chip which is higher than the on-chip supply. In that case, a voltage regulator is insertedinto the supply path to the chip in figure 1, so the bridgerectifier does not provide sufficient input protection.The passive input network consists of a capacitive di-vider and a resistor R1 in series with the input resistanceRi of the squarer. This network has two purposes. One isAuthorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 06:08:29 EST from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply.   	  ﬀﬁﬃﬂ "!#$ﬃﬀ% &'() $ *to convert the input voltage VA to an input current of suit-able amplitude for the squarer, and the other is to reducethe signal voltage seen by the active devices in the cir-cuit. The capacitors are implemented using metal layers,so they can withstand quite high voltages. The capacitorsare stacked on top of each other so that the chip substrateis shielded from input signal by the bottom plate of C2.Along with the source resistance RS of the induc-tive link, the network has a second-order bandpass trans-fer function. Assuming that the corner frequencies arewell separated (a decade or more), the transfer functionin the middle of the band is approximately Iin/VA =C1/((C1 + C2)(R1 + Ri)). The lower and upper cor-ner frequencies are 1/ωl = (R1 + Ri)(C1 + C2) and1/ωu = RSC1 respectively. These must be fitted to theused carrier frequency range.2.2. SquarerThe current squarer is shown in figure 2. It is based ona four-quadrant class AB multiplier presented in [4], anduses the square-law characteristic of the MOS transistorin strong inversion. The output is given by (Io+− Io−) =I2in/8Ib where Ib is the bias current of the input transis-tors.One of the features which makes this circuit attrac-tive for our purposes is that a relatively high small-signalbandwidth can be achieved with low power levels. Simu-lations show a bandwidth greater than 30 MHz with a totalbias current of 5 µA. The supply current of the squarer issignal-dependent due to the class AB operation, and rises  	,+-/.0!,1	ﬃ2&435ﬀ%$657ﬃ	ﬃ8 $ *,.0!9$ 61	ﬃ2&% 2:&!ﬃ2!; 6<>=?from 5 µA to 10 µA at the maximum specified signal am-plitude.One limitation of the circuit is that it relies on matchingof P- and N-type devices to implement the quadratic trans-fer function. While this is impossible to achieve in prac-tice, it does not matter in this application since the squareris only used as an envelope detector. The mismatch of thecurrent mirrors, which are implemented with high-swingcascodes, also affects the accuracy of the circuit, but to amuch lesser extent.The two current mirrors have secondary outputs whichare connected together. The high-impedance node atthese secondary outputs slews to the positive supply or toground according to the sign of the input current, thus cre-ating a clock signal corresponding to the carrier frequency.Many implantable electronic devices use the signal carrieras a timing reference and to clock sequential logic.2.3. Low-pass filterThe low-pass filter is used to extract the envelope datafrom the squared input signal. It is a differential third-order filter, consisting of a passive first-order section andan active section which is implemented as a Gm–C filter.Figure 3 shows the filter.The cutoff frequency of the filter is set with respect tothe highest intended modulation frequency, taking processvariations into account. In this case it was set to a nominalfrequency of 350 kHz, to permit unencoded data rates ofup to approximately 200kbit/s.Figure 4 shows the transconductor used in the filter im-plementation, along with the common-mode feedback cir-cuit which is necessary for each of the two internal differ-ential nodes of the filter. The CMFB circuit is a current-  	#@-A.0!# BCﬃ	ﬃ2&D FEG H ﬀ#I ﬃﬀ%ﬃ2&J&D 2Authorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 06:08:29 EST from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply.   	   6" 2  3 &"I&C 'ﬃ "265 2"'(? "!	   $ *steering type which causes relatively little distortion ofthe differential mode signal. The transconductor itself isbased on a simple differential pair. The nonlinearity of thetransconductor is of little importance at the applied sig-nal level (up to 200 mV differential). The 3dB-frequencyof the transconductors is approximately 10 MHz, which issufficiently high not to affect the transfer function of thefilter.2.4. Level detectorThe power requirements of the implant and consider-ations of the efficiency of the link generally require thatthe transmitter be operated at a constant level while thedata link is idle. For much the same reason it is desirableto eliminate long synchronization/start sequences beforeeach transmission. The ASK modulation levels are there-fore not known by the demodulator a priori, and must beestablished quickly to detect the transmitted data. Thiseliminates the possibility of a LP filter with a long timeconstant to determine the average signal level. A methodcommonly used in sophisticated receivers, like the digitalconversion and storage of the transmitted envelope witha posteriori processing, is not compatible with the powerconsumption criteria.The level detector presented here uses only a pair ofstart bits for a simple baseband modulation scheme, ora single start bit in the case of biphase (“Manchester”)encoding, to identify the two modulation levels and thethreshold level.A diagram of the detector is shown in figure 5. It usesthree single-ended transconductors with multiple outputs.All three transconductors have the same transconductanceG, except for the third output of G1 which has twice themagnitude of the other outputs, I3 = 2I2 = 2I1.The positive peak voltage at the input is stored on Cp(referred to VREF ), while the negative peak is stored onCn. In the following calculation of the transfer functionfrom the input to the positive peak voltage Vp, the diodetransistor M1 can be ignored. The justification for thiswill be apparent from the results.From the diagram, we have the small-signal currentsi1 = G(vLP− − vLP+) := −Gvd and ip = G(vp −  	->.0!;Iﬃ&#$ '&"'( 2&J:6" 2""D 2 $ *vREF ) = Gvp. The voltage on the capacitor is vp =−(i1 + ip)/sCp. Inserting the expression for the currents,and solving for the transfer function, we getvpvd=11 + sCp/G(1)Two observations can be made at this point. In the firstplace, the DC value of this function is 1 (this result pre-sumes perfect matching of the transconductances), so atrue copy of the peak voltage is effectively stored on Cp.In the second place, this is a first-order LP function, so thevoltage on the capacitor approaches the final value with noovershoot. This last fact is the justification for omitting thediode-connected transistor M1 in the analysis. The resultfor the negative peak voltage is similar. The time constantsCp/G and Cn/G should be set in relation to the length ofthe start symbol, to allow the positive and negative peakvoltages time to settle.The digital data signal is extracted from the input sig-nal by comparing it to the average of the two peak val-ues. This is done by summing the currents I3 = −2GVd,Ip = G(Vp − VREF ) and In = G(Vn − VREF ) at theoutput node, and letting it slew to the positive supply or toground according to the sign of the result.The reset signal is used to initialize the values of the ca-pacitors which store the positive and negative peak signalvoltages. The positive peak voltage Vp is set to VSS by thereset signal, while the negative peak voltage Vn is set toapproximately four gate-source voltages. This last valueis determined partly by a voltage clamp consisting of threediode-connected transistors. The purpose of the clamp isto limit the voltage swing on the summing node for thenegative peak computation. This reduces the amplitude ofthe capacitive feed-through to Cn through the diode. Noclamp is necessary for the positive peak since the availablevoltage range at the summing node is more limited. Thenegative peak reset transistor is not connected to VDD, butto a current source, in order to limit the current throughM2 and the clamp during reset.Authorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 06:08:29 EST from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply.   	 I!ﬃ' ﬃﬂ"!$ﬃﬀ% &'(  (	3. Experimental resultsThe demodulator was implemented in a standard digi-tal 0.5 µm CMOS process, with one poly and three metallayers. The maximum supply voltage is 3.3 V.All measurement results were obtained with a supplyvoltage of 3 V. In order to test the circuit with a widerange of carrier frequencies, modulation parameters andsignal levels, a signal generator was used for most mea-surements. The functionality of the circuit was howeververified with transmission through an inductive link witha carrier frequency of 5 MHz at 200kbit/s.Due to the nature of the dual power/data link, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the unmodulated signal is almostconstant, and equal to the supply voltage plus two diodevoltage drops. In the following test results, the unmodu-lated signal level is fixed at 3.5 Vp-p.3.1. Carrier extractionThe sensitivity of the carrier extraction mechanism islimited by the parasitic capacitance on the clk signal out-put node in the squarer (figure 2). The necessary signallevel for detection rises as the frequency increases, sincethe current into the output node is proportional to the sig-nal. An output buffer was connected to the clk signal, todrive the signal off-chip for testing purposes. Due to a lay-out error, the parasitic capacitance on this node is higherthan necessary, and the sensitivity of the carrier extractiondoes therefore fall off faster with frequency than expected.The measurements show that the detection thresholdis approximately 0.4 Vp-p up to 5 MHz, and rises to3.6 Vp-p at 12 MHz. Simulations of the circuit without theadded parasitic capacitance show a threshold of 0.8 Vp-pat 15 MHz.3.2. DetectionThe circuit works as expected for carrier frequenciesbetween 1 and 15 MHz, with 10% AM modulation ratesup to 200kbit/s. Figure 7 show the results for a 10 MHzcarrier modulated at the maximum bit rate.  	-&6 	ﬃﬀ%ﬃ2& 	*6  '6Hﬂ (: *ﬃ1  ﬃﬀ% &'&9	 ? "!:  -$ 06'"	&ﬀ & +ﬃ$ 6&.0!IIﬃﬃ)" ; 60"! 6" 22;"!;   ﬃ " ; 6"!<""'&/&J3.3. Power consumptionThe supply current of the demodulator was measuredfor a wide range of operating conditions. At the nominalinput signal level of 3.5 Vp-p the supply current was con-stant at 20.0± 0.5 µA over the carrier frequency range of1–15 MHz. A weak dependence on the signal amplitudewas found, with the supply current decreasing by a fewpercent as the amplitude was reduced to zero. This de-pendence is due to the class AB operation of the squarercircuit.4. ConclusionA demodulator circuit has been presented, which in ad-dition to a low power consumption of 60 µW, is versatileenough to be used in a wide range of implantable devices.Measurements show that the demodulator can handle upto 200kbit/s with a carrier frequency of up to 15 MHz.The sensitivity of the circuit makes it suitable for systemswhich must operate with low modulation indexes, eitherdue to power transfer constraints or transmitter design.The demodulator is designed for intermittent datatransmissions and does not rely on constant modulation todetermine the modulation levels. This allows maximumpower transmission between data sequences.The data rate and carrier frequency range can be ex-tended by modifying the cutoff frequency of the LPF, andthe passive component values in the input network.[1] D. Galbraith, M. Soma and R. White, “Wide-band efficientinductive transdermal power and data link with coupling in-sensitive gain”, IEEE Trans. BME, 34 (1987), pp. 265–275.[2] A. Djemouai, M. Sawan and M. Slamani, “An efficient RFpower transfer and bidirectional data transmission to im-plantable electronic devices”, Proc. ISCAS ’99, pp. II-259.[3] G. Nebel et al., “ASK 10% demodulator for contactlesssmart card IC”, Proc. ESSCIRC ’99, pp. 230–232.[4] O. Oliaei and P. Loumeau “Four-quadrant class AB CMOScurrent multiplier”, Electronics Letters, 32 (1996), pp.2327–2329.Authorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 06:08:29 EST from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. 

A low-power ASK demodulator for inductively coupled implantable electronics

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A low-power ASK demodulator for inductively coupled implantable electronics

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