A two-stage amplifier, operational at 0.8V and drawing 7/spl mu/A, has been integrated in a standard digital 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS process. Rail-to-rail operations at the input are enabled by complementary transistor pairs with g/sub m/ control. The efficient rail-to-rail output stage is biased in class AB. The measured DC gain of the amplifier is 75dB, and the unity-gain frequency is 870kHz with a 12pF, 100k/spl Omega/load. Both input and output stage transistors are biased in weak inversion

Andreani, Pietro

Asbeck, P

Citakovic, J

Nielsen, I. Riis

Nielsen, Jannik Hammel

A two-stage amplifier, operational at 0.8V and drawing 7μA, has been integrated in a standard digital 0.18μm CMOS process. Rail-to-rail operations at the input are enabled by complementary transistor pairs with gm control. The efficient rail-to-rail output stage is biased in class AB. The measured DC gain of the amplifier is 75dB, and the unity-gain frequency is 870kHz with a 12pF, 100kΩload. Both input and output stage transistors are biased in weak inversion

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Riis; Nielsen, Jannik Hammel; Asbeck, P; Andreani, PietroPublished in:23rd NORCHIP Conference, 2005.Link to article, DOI:10.1109/NORCHP.2005.1596987Publication date:2005Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Citakovic, J., Nielsen, I. R., Nielsen, J. H., Asbeck, P., & Andreani, P. (2005). A 0.8V, 7A, rail-to-rail input/output,constant Gm operational amplifier in standard digital 0.18m CMOS. In 23rd NORCHIP Conference, 2005. IEEE.DOI: 10.1109/NORCHP.2005.1596987A 0.8V, 7,11A, Rail-to-Rail Input/Output, Constant Gm Operational Amplifierin Standard Digital 0.18p-tm CMOSJelena Citakovic(, Ivan Riis Nielsen2, Jannik Hammel Nielsen1, Per Asbeck2 and Pietro Andreanil10rsted-DTU, Technical University of DenmarkDK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmarkjhc@oersted.dtu.dk2GN ReSound, Markarvej 2a, DK-2630 Tastrup, DenmarkAbstractA two-stage amplifier; operational at 0.8V and drawing7,uA, has been integrated in a standard digital 0.18umCMOS process. Rail-to-rail operations at the input are en-abled by complementary transistor pairs with g, control.The efficient rail-to-rail output stage is biased in class AB.The measured DC gain of the amplifier is 75dB, and theunity-gain frequency is 870kHz with a 12pF; ]OOkQ load.Both input and output stage transistors are biased in weakinversion.1. IntroductionConstant IC feature size scaling and use of battery pow-ered devices drive nowadays ICs towards reduced supplyvoltages. Unlike digital circuits, analog circuits do not al-ways benefit from the low supply conditions. The dynamicrange is reduced when decreasing signals in a circuit. Toincrease it, a low-voltage operational amplifier, the mainbuilding block in analog and mixed mode circuits, has todeal with signals that extend from rail to rail. An addi-tional challenge in the low-voltage design is the require-ment for new circuit solutions because of the fact that thethreshold voltage is not scaled proportionally with the sup-ply voltage.Compact low-voltage power-efficient amplifiers are de-scribed in [1-4]. These amplifiers have very good rail-to-rail complementary input stages and current efficientrail-to-rail class-AB output stages. The minimum supplyvoltage they are able to operate with is equal to two gate-source plus two saturation voltages (2.5 V in [2]).To ensure operation close to IV with transistors hav-ing relatively high threshold voltages several design tech-niques such as input level shift [5], bulk driving [6-7], cur-rent driven bulk [8], floating-gate MOSFET [9] and DT-MOS [10] have been developed. Even though it is pos-sible to overcome the threshold voltage problems, thesemethods have some disadvantages. Level shifting usingresistors increases noise and area, bulk-driven transistors(as well as floating-gate) result in smaller transconduc-tance and therefore less GBW and more noise, are proneto latch-up, and the polarity of the transistor is technologydependent. DTMOS and floating-gate MOSFET requireexpensive non-standard processing steps.The amplifier presented here is designed using the ap-proach from [1-2] and a very efficient sub-lV operation isachieved with nMOS (pMOS) transistors having a thresh-old voltage of 0.45V (-0.5V) by biasing them in subthresh-old. In the next chapter the amplifier topology will be pre-sented. Subsequently measurement results will be com-pared to simulations and finally conclusions will be drawn.2. Amplifier DescriptionThe amplifier implemented is shown in Figure 1. Its in-put, output stage and frequency compensation method aredescribed in the following subsections.2.1. Rail-to-rail Input StageA well known method for obtaining a rail-to-rail operationat the input is placing two differential pairs (nMOS andpMOS) in parallel. For low values of common-mode volt-age the pMOS transistor pair (M3-M4) will be on, whilefor high common-mode voltages the nMOS pair (M1-M2)is on. The minimum necessary supply voltage for this con-figuration is:Vsup,mrin = VGSn + VGSp + VDSatn + VDSatp (1)where VGsn and VGsP are the gate-source voltages of thenMOS and pMOS input transistor pairs, and VDSatn andVDSatp are the saturation voltages of the current sourcesM9 and M1O. For 0.8V operation, the input transistors arebiased in weak inversion (2x0.3V + 2x0.1V = 0.8V).A problem when using a complementary input stage isthat the transconductance varies over the input common-mode voltage range, impeding an optimal frequency com-pensation. In fact, in the middle part of the common-modevoltage range, both input pairs are active at the same time,and the sum of their drain currents is two times the cur-rent in the outer part of the common-mode voltage range,when only one of the input pairs is on. Therefore someextra circuitry is needed to keep the total g. constant. Inthis amplifier, g. control is provided by current switchesM5-M8. Several g. control methods have been devel-oped for different regions of operation of input transistors[1, 4]. A good feature of the input stage with the currentswitches g. control applied here is that it delivers a con-stant output current to the summing circuit, consisting of aAuthorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on January 22, 2010 at 06:38 from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. M7 M5 M68Vg n9Figure 1: Amjhigh-swing current mirror (M15-M18) and common-gatestages (M13-M14). The summing circuit needs one gate-source voltage (in strong inversion) plus two drain-sourcevoltages for proper operations.2.2. Class AB Output StageTo ensure output rail-to-rail operations, the output transis-tors M27-M28 are connected in a common-source config-uration. For the efficient use of the power supply they haveto be biased in class AB. Compact class-AB output stagesare presented in e.g. [1-3].In our amplifier, class-AB operations are allowed by thecontrol transistors M19-M20. These transistors are drivenby the signal currents from the summing circuit transis-tors M14 and M16, and their gates are kept at a constantvoltage by two pairs of diode-connected transistors (M22-M23 and M25-M26). The diode-connected transistors, theclass-AB control transistors, and the output transistor formtwo translinear loops (M27, M19, M22, M23 and M28,M20, M25, M26), which determine the bias current in theoutput transistors. Assuming that M22 and M19 have thesame gate-source voltages and the same dimensions, M23and M27 will have the same gate-source voltage as well,and the output quiescent current will be determined by theratio of the aspect ratios of M27 and M23.From Fig. 1 it can be concluded that the branch withstacked diodes needs two gate-source voltages plus onesaturation voltage for proper operations. In this 0.8V im-plementation all transistors in the output stage except thecurrent sources are biased in weak inversion. A weak pointof this implementation is that the output current varies asa function of the supply voltage.2.3. Complete RealizationThe dimensions of the components shown in Fig. 1 aregiven in Table 1.The amplifier is frequency compensated by the cas-coded Miller frequency compensation method [2], which,compared to the classical Miller compensation, shifts theplifier Schematics.MOST W(Qim)/L(Qm) | ID(IREF= 1.09,UA)M1, M2, M5, M6 50/0.36 IREF/4M3, M4, M7, M8 165/0.36 IREF/4M13, M14 10/0.36 IREF12M15, M16 33/0.36 IREF12M9, M11, M12 10/6 IREFM10, M17, M18 33/6 IREFM24 2.5/6 IREF/4M21 8.25/6 IREF'4M19, M22 30/0.18 IREF'4M20, M25 99/0.18 IREF/4M23 5/0.18 IREF/4M26 16.5/0.18 IREF/4M27 60/0.18 31REFM28 198/0.18 31REFCM1, CM2 1.075pFTable 1: Transistor dimensions, drain currents (with acommon-mode voltage of VDD/2), and capacitor values.non-dominant pole to higher frequencies. This is due tothe fact that the cascode transistors are included in theMiller loop, since the compensating capacitors are placedbetween the drains of the output transistors and the sourcesof the cascode transistors. The frequency of the non-dominant pole when using the classical Miller compen-sation depends on the load capacitor, the transconductanceof the output transistor, and its gate-source capacitance ap-proximately as gmj(CL + Cg9), and it can be adjusted bychanging the current in the output transistor. But since themain goal in this design was a very low current consump-tion, having at the same time transistors forming translin-ear loops with two diodes stacked on only 0.7V, it was notpossible to obtain optimal frequency compensation withthe classical Miller technique, and the cascoded Miller isused instead.In this implementation, the class-AB control transistorsare biased by the summing circuit, which is feasible sincethe output current of the first stage for the used g, controlmethod is not dependent of the common-mode voltage.To obtain an output circuit independent of the g, con-trol method, with minimized noise and minimized depen-Authorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on January 22, 2010 at 06:38 from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. dence of the quiescent output current on the supply volt-age, the compact operational amplifiers described in [1-2]have two high-swing current mirrors biased by a floatingcurrent source. For proper operation the two current mir-rors need two gate-source voltages in strong inversion, andthis implementation is not feasible for 0.8V operations inthe technology used here.3. Amplifier PerformanceThe amplifier has been fabricated in a standard digi-tal 0.18,um n-well CMOS process (threshold voltages of0.45V and -0.5V for nMOs and pMOS, respectively). Thechip photograph is shown in Fig. 2.This increase is due to the increase of the quiescent currentin the output transistors for higher supply voltage.The simulated GBW variation as a function of thecommon-mode voltage is compared to the measured vari-ation in Fig. 4. The measured variation is 8%, which isvery close to the variations for transistors in weak inver-sion found in the literature [1, 5].x 1061.151.11.050.95*0.9T /-0.85 V0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6Vcom (V)Figure 2: Chip photo.Figure 4: Simulated versus measured (+) variation of theGBW as a function of the input common-mode voltage.Measurement results when the amplifier is connectedin a unity-gain buffer configuration are shown in Fig. 5.Large (300mV) and small (5OmV) 250kHz input step sig-nals are shown, along with the respective measured andsimulated outputs. The measured slew rate is 0.6V/,us,0.4Using a lpF Miller capacitor, the simulated unity-gainfrequency (GBW) is 1. IMHz for a 5pF load, with a phasemargin of 71°. The simulated DC gain is 84dB, while themeasured value is 74dB. The capacitive load in the mea-surement setup is estimated at 12pF in parallel to 100kQ.The measured unity-gain frequency is 870kHz. When re-ducing the supply voltage to 0.7V, the amplifier will stillbe operational, with a GBW reduced to 760kHz. Sim-ulated and measured frequency characteristics are com-pared in Fig. 3 (VDD=0.8 V, input common-mode voltageVCOM=0.4 V).0.30.20.1-0.4 L0 1 2Time (s)5X lo-,100 FFigure 5: Measured input and output and simulated output(.) signal for unity-gain buffer configuration.50 _-50_10° 10 10 10- 10 10- 10- 10Frequency (Hz)10Figure 3: Comparison of the simulated and measured (+)frequency response of the amplifier.The measured current consumption for this amplifier is7,uA with 0.8V supply voltage, and it is simulated that thesupply current will increase to 10.5 ,uA for VDD of 1.5 V.matching well the simulated 0.66V/,us. Due to the highload capacitance, the phase margin of the amplifier isreduced, compared to the simulated value, and there-fore an overshoot can be noticed in the measured re-sponse. It has been simulated that the frequency responseof the buffer starts deteriorating for common-mode volt-ages 50mV from the supply rails. When the amplifier isloaded resistively in the unity-gain buffer configuration, ithas been measured that the output signal will be clipped±20mV from the supply with a lkQ load, while simula-tions show clipping at VDD-16mV and Vss+10 mV. Thesimulated value of the maximum current that can be deliv-ered is 2mA for an output voltage 100mV from the supplyrails.0.7 0.8IIIIIIIIIIIIII(5Authorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on January 22, 2010 at 06:38 from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. Method Ref. Tech. ] VDD (V) T Gain (dB) ] GBW, PM [ Load Isup (,uA) T W ( mW )Compl. pair [2] 1 t 2.5-6 85 2.6 MHz, 66 ° 10 pF, 10 kQ 180 5.77Compl. pair [2] 1 t 2.5-6 87 6.4 MHz, 53 ° 10 pF, 10 kQ 180 14Compl. pair [3] 1.6 t 1.8-7 86 4 MHz, 67 ° 5 pF, 10 kQ 230 9.66Compl. pair [4] 0.7 t 1.3-1.8 84 1.3 MHz, 64 ° 15 pF 350 2.85Compl. pair level shift [5] 0.8 H 1 75 1.8 MHz, 57 ° 15 pF,l MQ 136 13.25Bulk-driven [6] 2 /t 1 48 1.3 MHz, 57 ° 22 pF 300 4.3Bulk-driven [7] 0.35 t 1 70 190 kHz, 60 ° 7 pF 5 38Current-driven bulk [8] 0.5 t 0.7-1 62 2 MHz, 57 ° 20 pF 40 71Floating-gate [9] 0.35 t 1.2 65 230 kHz, 62 ° 9 pF 4.3 44DTMOS (Simul. only) [10] 0.18 t 1 64 35.7 MHz, 64 5 pF, 10 kQ 522 68Compl. pair This work 0.18 t 0.8 74 870 kHz, 66 12 pF, 100 kQ 7 155Table 2: Properties of low-voltage amplifiers from literature.The corner frequency of the flicker noise lies at 2.5kHz,and the thermal noise level is 120 V. The amplifier oc-'H__cupies an area of 0.033 mm2.4. ConclusionThe designed amplifier shows very good performancesconcerning low-voltage, low-power, rail-to-rail opera-tions, and it is capable of driving resistive loads efficientlyas well. Its design is based on a robust approach, and low-power operations are achieved by the use of very low biascurrents in a modern technology.The main properties of rail-to-rail, low-voltage ampli-fiers found in the literature are summarized in Table 2,and the properties of the amplifier designed in this workare listed in Table 3. If the ratio of GBW to power con-sumption (for the same load) is taken as a figure of merit,as proposed in [2], the amplifier described here shows su-perior performance compared to the amplifiers in Table 2.Parameter V Value I UnitDie area 245 x 135 (0.033) /im27(m-)7Supply voltage 0.8 to 2 VSupply current 7 ,AMax. out curr. (Sup I100 mV) 2 mAgm variation 8 %CMIR* 0.05 to VDD 0.05 VOut. swing (with 1 kQ load) 0.02 to VDD 0.02 VOffset voltage 3.6 mVInput noise floor 120 nVvHzCorner frequency 2.5 kHzCMRR* 75 dBOpen-loop gain 74 dBUnity-gain frequency 870 kHzUnity-gain phase-margin 66 OSlew-rate 0.6 V/tsPSRR* 56 dBGBW 155 MHzVDD=0.8 V, CL=12 pF, 100 kQ, T=27 °C*simulated value, CL=5 pFTable 3: Amplifier properties.6. References[1] R. Hogervost and J. H. Huijsing, "Design of Low-VoltageLow-Power Operational Amplifier Cells", Kluwer Acad-emic Publishers, 1996.[2] R. Hogervorst et al., "Compact Power-Efficient 3 V CMOSRail-to-Rail Input/Output Operational Amplifier for VLSILibraries", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 29, no. 12, pp.1505-1513, Dec. 1994.[3] L. de Langen and J. H. Huijsing, "Compact Low-VoltagePower-Efficient Operational Amplifier Cells for VLSI",IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1482-1496,Oct. 1998.[4] G. Ferri and W. Sansen, "A Rail-to-Rail Constant-gm Low-Voltage CMOS Operational Transconductance Amplifier",IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1536-1567,Oct. 1997.[5] J. M. Carrillo, J. F. Duque-Carillo, G. Torelli and J. L.Ausin, "1-V Quasi Constant-gm Input/Output Rail-to-RailCMOS Op-amp", INTEGRATION, the VLSI Journal, vol.36, no. 4, pp. 161-174, 2003.[6] B. J. Blalock, P. E. Allen and G. A. Rincon-Mora, "Design-ing 1-V Op Amps Using Standard Digital CMOS Technol-ogy", IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems II, vol. 45, no. 7,pp. 769-780, July 1998.[7] K. Lasanen, E. Raisanen-Ruotsalainen and J. Kostamovaara,"A 1-V 5 ,uW CMOS-Opamp with Bulk-Driven Input Tran-sistors", Proc. 43rd IEEE Midwest Symp. on Circuits andSystems, vol. 2, pp. 1038-1041, Aug. 2000.[8] T. Lehmann and M. Cassia, "1-V Power Supply CMOS Cas-code Amplifier", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 36, no. 7,pp. 1082-1086, July 2001.[9] E. Raisanen-Ruotsalainen, K. Lasanen and J. Kostamovaara,"A 1.2 V Micropower CMOS Op Amp with Floating-GateInput Transistors", Proc. 43rd IEEE Midwest Symp. Circuitsand Systems, vol. 2, pp. 794-797, Aug. 2000.[10] H. F. Achigui, C. J. Fayomi and M. Sawan, "A DTMOS-based 1 V OPAMP", Proc. ICECS, vol. 1, pp. 252-255, Dec.2003.5. AcknowledgmentsChip design and fabrication has been supported by GNReSound.Authorized licensed use limited to: Danmarks Tekniske Informationscenter. Downloaded on January 22, 2010 at 06:38 from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. 

A 0.8V, 7μA, rail-to-rail input/output, constant Gm operational amplifier in standard digital 0.18μm CMOS

Haas-Christensen, Jelena

Nielsen, Ivan Riis

Asbeck, Per

A 0.8V, 7uA, Rail-to-Rail Input/Output, Constant Gm Operational Amplifier in Standard Digital 0.18um CMOS

http://orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/4101723/Andreani.pdf

A 0.8V, 7μA, rail-to-rail input/output, constant Gm operational amplifier in standard digital 0.18μm CMOS

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