学位の種別:課程博士University of Tokyo(東京大学

Akter Kazi-Shamima

アクター カジ シャミマ

UTokyo Repository

論文の内容の要旨 
Abstract of Dissertation 
 
論文題目   
Title of Dissertation  
 
Evaluation of Stakeholders' Relative Positions Regarding their Opinions about 
Water Issues in Dhaka, Bangladesh 
(バングラデッシュのダッカにおける水問題への意識に基づくステ 
ークホルダーの相対的位置関係の評価) 
 
            氏  名    アクター カジ シャミマ 
                        Name of Author   
 
 
（本文）(Abstract) 
Rapid growth of population, increasing water demand, inadequate water supply, severe water 
pollution, gradual ground water depletion are some of the common as well as major issues in 
water arena of the developing countries. Bangladesh, a developing country of south Asia, is also 
facing immense difficulties to meet the increasing water demands of the growing population 
within inadequate water supply facilities managed by limited financial budget. Due to rapid and 
unplanned urban sprawling, especially in Dhaka city, existing water supply infrastructure cannot 
provide piped water access to most of the urban dwellers. And, the rural people have to manage 
water supply from ground water through tube well, or from ponds, rivers and other water bodies. 
Almost all wastewaters from households (residential, commercial etc.) and industries are 
discharged untreated to the surface water bodies around Dhaka city, which causes serious water 
pollution and makes the water unable to be used for any purpose, even not able to be treated to 
get water supply. As a result, huge amount of ground water is withdrawn. The paved surfaces of 
the city area prevent ground water recharge. Thus, ground water level is declining at an 
alarming rate. Besides, climate variabilities in the forms of flood, drought etc cause difficulties 
to the water users, especially to agriculture. Therefore, changes in demographics, land use 
patterns, economy and climatic patterns impose to devise more proactive and resilient water 
management policies and to implement the plans properly. And, in this total process of water 
issue identification, solution formulation, project planning, resource mobilization, impact 
assessment and field execution - all key stakeholders, having direct and indirect interest and 
influence, should be consulted and engaged literally, to make the management decision really 
operational and sustainable. Slightly deviating from conventional stakeholder participation 
practices, this study focused on stakeholders’ participation in gathering perceptions/opinions 
about their ‘relative positions’ within water sectors regarding major water issues. The 
homogeneities and variations in - stakeholders’ opinions about sectoral contributions to water 
issues; their water spending and saving attitudes; concerns about water quality and pollution; 
and their solution preferences were evaluated. Besides, the study was aimed to identify the 
probable perception gaps/conflicts among water users and water-use observers (water 
researchers, planners and scholars). Again, whether the stakeholders’ water use attitudes and 
concerns influenced their opinions about their own contribution to water issues, were also 
evaluated. Then, the probable pathways to grasp the stakeholders’ opinions and preferences for 
the target group of water planners and experts were formulated in the study. 
 
To get the representation of the key stakeholders regarding the selected water issues in the study 
area - social, economical, water use, water pollution, water institutional and water expertise 
perspectives were considered in the study. The selected key stakeholders from urban and rural 
residential people, commercial institutions, agriculture, industries, water organizations 
(including water research, planning and management) and scholars (university professors) were 
asked to give their opinions/perceptions about the major water users’ (urban and rural house 
dwellers, commercial institutions, industries and agriculture) relative contribution and 
importance to selected water issues in the study area of Dhaka, Savar and Keraniganj through 
questionnaire survey. During the questionnaire survey, 328 respondents were asked to make 
comparative choices on five water use sectors (mentioned above) arranged in pairs, regarding 
five water issue questions about one sector - causing more water shortage, more important for 
earning money, suffering more damage due to water shortage, causing more pollution and 
causing more water loss during use than other sectors. The responses were measured following 
Satty’s comparison scale from equal to strongly more. The pair-wise comparison matrices based 
on comparison scale scores were used to calculate comparative contribution factors (CCF) for 
each water use sector on the scale of 0 to 1.  
 
To evaluate the variations in residential respondents’ opinions, they were categorized into five 
groups using Cluster analysis. The clusters showed variations in their opinions about the 
sectoral relative contributions to water issues of the study area. Some clusters thought industries 
causing more water shortage, more pollution, but at the same time industries seemed to be more 
important for earning money to them. Some others thought urban house dwellers more 
responsible for causing water shortage in the area. In some cases, demographic composition 
influenced their opinions, such as cluster with larger rural respondents gave their choices more 
inclined to rural or agricultural contribution. Respondents from commercial places, agriculture 
and industries also presented significant variations in their opinions. For the cases of water 
organizations and scholars, even if the respondents were from the same organizations or same 
field of specialization, they showed significantly different opinions/perception about the water 
sectors’ relative contribution to water issues. In addition to statistical comparison, the variations 
in the relative positions of the stakeholder groups about the water issues were analyzed through 
Social Network Analysis (SNA). SNA can be a useful method to visualize the stakeholder’s 
perceptions about each other. However, the limitation of SNA was also revealed that variations 
inside the same sector cannot be expressed in detail. 
 
The respondents were asked about five water use attitude questions to identify their water 
spending tendency, water saving attitude; concern about water quality during use, water 
pollution and ground water depletion issue, on an attitude scale ranging from ‘I have no idea’ to 
‘I strongly think so’. The respondents, gave the answers for water spending and saving 
questions in the same way, were excluded and the attitude scores for the remaining 236 
respondents were used for factor analysis to identify two factors – ‘water use and saving 
attitude’ and ‘water issue concern’. Then the stakeholders were plotted along ‘water use and 
saving’ attitude and ‘water issue concern’ using their respective factor scores. Some 
stakeholders were found to have both positive water attitude and concern, while some got 
negative scores in both factors and other got positive and negative scores. Scholars were mostly 
found to show negative factor scores for water attitude and concerns of the water users, though a 
number of water users showed positive attitudes and concerns. One residential cluster showing 
positive water spending and saving attitudes, thought that residential people were not as much 
responsible as industries for causing water shortage and water loss during use. They thought 
their contribution in causing water shortage and water loss were lower, which might be 
influenced by their positive attitudes.  
 
During the second questionnaire survey, 80 out of 328 respondents (surveyed before) were 
asked to explain the reasons of their sectoral choices for water issue questions in the first 
questionnaire survey. They explained the reasoning and also showed their preferences about 
solution options to resolve critical water issues. Variations in reasoning and solution preferences 
were likely to come out with respect to their previous diverse opinions about sectoral 
contributions. Here, the solution preferences were specific to the sectors causing the issues. The 
respondents from two specific residential clusters, who showed positive water attitudes and 
concern, thought urban house dwellers more responsible for causing water shortage and water 
loss in the study area during the first survey. During the second survey, most of them, from 
those clusters, identified water loss and high consumption by urban people as the major reasons 
of their contribution to water shortage, whereas they evaluated lack of awareness as the 
principal reason of causing water loss during use by urban house dwellers. Though they thought 
themselves positive about water attitudes and aware of these facts, but they perceived urban 
house dwellers causing more water loss as a sector than other sectors. To solve water shortage 
by urban households, they preferred reducing water loss as the major solution option, while they 
chose increasing awareness to reduce water loss. Other stakeholders showed variations in 
identifying sector specific solution preferences. Some organizational respondents and scholars 
preferred more stringent solution, like increasing water bill, provision of intermittent supply etc 
to resolve water issues (water loss) caused by the water sectors. Finally, to grasp the 
stakeholders’ opinions and preferences by the target group of water planners and experts, 
sector-wise probable flow-charts were formulated. 
 
This study aimed to arrange public participation and revealed water stakeholders’ opinions as 
well as preference of solution options for water issue related to water quantity as well as quality. 
The relative positions of the water sectors were evaluated by comparative contribution factors 
based on stakeholders’ opinions and the variations were addressed. Also, the variations of 
opinions, attitudes and preferences within each stakeholder group were evaluated. The tendency 
of water users’ opinions was found quite different from water researcher, planners and scholars, 
which indicated perception gaps/conflicting views among water users and water-use observers. 
During analyzing the influence of water use attitudes and concerns of water users on their 
opinions about their respective contribution to water issues, some were found to have their 
opinions influenced by their positive attitudes and concern, while others showed their opinions 
not influenced by their water attitudes and concern. The SNA results and the decision 
flow-charts formulated in this study may facilitate better understanding about stakeholders’ 
opinions and preferences to the water researchers, planners and experts, which may further 
enhance effective and sustainable water management and planning. 
    
 
 
 


バングラデッシュのダッカにおける水問題への意識に基づくステークホルダーの相対的位置関係の評価

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バングラデッシュのダッカにおける水問題への意識に基づくステークホルダーの相対的位置関係の評価

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