Proceedings of EMEA 2001 in Beijing, 19-20 June 2001 in Beijing (China

Mikage Masayuki

御影 雅幸

Kanazawa University Repository for Academic Resources

Anatomical and Chemical Variations ofMedicinal Plants: Related with GeographicalChanges著者 Mikage Masayuki著者別表示 御影 雅幸journal orpublication titleProceedings of EMEA 2001 in Beijingpage range 170-175year 2001URL http://doi.org/10.24517/00049172AnatomicalandChemicalVariationsofMedicinalPlantsRelatedwithGeographicalChangesMasayukiMIKAGEFQc"//yqfPﾉzαﾉ771qce"""/Scie"c",恥"αzawaU"ﾊﾉeﾉT"yKtz"αzawq,920-0934Jαpα"・e-mail:mikage@dbs.p.kanazawa-u.ac.jpQKgywOF･ds:pI"〃hisrology,"""rc/le"2js":y,geogmpbic"Ichα"ge,c""e,H""αIqy".Abstractrbc/α'坊geogノロpﾉ'ﾉcq/eガセcFso"r/zei""er&S'""C""Peaﾉ1dcﾉZe""cα／CO"0S'r"""o"qfl'eﾉ加ﾉﾉ"edic加",Ep/Iedﾉ．αα"dBeﾉもeris〆αﾉ"s"o"'rﾉ1eH""α/qyQsw"esr"die".AﾉIIsro/ogictz/sr"dyqfEpﾉzedra〆αﾉ"si"dic"edr/z"rﾉze)>ﾉzqdgeoc""es"7soﾉ"eα"αro"7/cα/c"raaeJTJ･eIa花droIo"g""e.B""",rﾉ1ere,S'"ﾉrqfcﾉ1e""cαノ""dy"ggesredrhαrrlied〃をJae"c""7cﾉ1e""cα/co"sr""e"ZFw"robeα"r肋"red"oro"ﾉyroge"e"c血aorsb"rq/soror/'edWtre''cesi"rﾉzegrowi"g/mb"αr｡S',.S'"Cﾉ'“αﾉr"邸de,oJ-α"710叩ﾉze"cだ"1p〃α畑γe、Medicinalplantshavewidevariationsinchemicalconstituents,andthiskindofvariationisthoughttobegeneticallycontrolled.Ontheothel･hand,intheChinesetraditionalmedicine,ithasbeensaidthatthegatheringdistl･ictofmedicinalplantisanimpoItantinfonnationtoevaluatethemedicinalpowerofit.InthisrepolT,tostudythegeogl･aphicaleffectsinanatomicalchal･actersandchemicalcomponentcontentsofEj)/iedrtzplantscollectedfromHimalayas,thecolTelationbetweeneachchal･acterandgeographicalchangessuchaslongitudeandaltitudeofthecollectingplacesoftheexpel･imentalmaterialsal･eexamined.Moreover,altitudinalvariationinberberinecontentofBeJもeJ･jsplantsisexamined.《Studieson坪hedmPlants》Ephedraeherba,theherbalstemofEj)/7e(Imspecies.ofthefamilyEphedraceae,iswellknownnotonlyasaChinesedrug''Ma-huang''butalsoastheplantcharacteristicallycontaininganalkaloidcomponent,ephedl･ine,whichisusedasanasthmaticl･emedvinWestemmedicine.(A""0"'icaﾉS"[Z)')MaterialsAboutl50plantmaterials,identifiedas印ﾉ1edmgemrdiα"αWall.exStapfandE.pacﾉzyc/Q"Boiss.,werecollectedmainlybyMikageM.eraﾉ.andSuzukiM.eraﾉ.in-170-Nepal,SikkimandBhutaninthesummerofl983,1993,1994,andl995.MethodThecrosssectionsofthl･eeinternodesofherbalstemsal･bitral･ilvchosenfromeachplantareobservedunderthemicroscope,andtheavel･agevalueofthethreeisobtainedonthevariableanatomicalcharacteristicssuchasdiameterofstem,thenumbel･ofsubepidelmalfiberbundles,maximumnumberoffibersinasubepidennalfiberbundle,thenumberofcorticalfiberbundles,andthenumberoffibel･sinthepel･ipheralpartofpith.Andthecorrelationbetweenthesevaluesandthelongitudeandaltitudeofthecollectingpointsofexperimentalmaterialsareexamined.Resultanddiscussions(Fig.1)Totheresultofstudyingthegeographicalvariationsoftheinnel･structuresoftheherbalstemsofEI)/le〃qgemrdiα"qrelatedtolongitudebetweenMid.WesternNepalandBhutan,thegeoclinethatthewestemsampleshadbiggerstemSindiameterandmoresubepidennalfiberbundleswasobserved,thecorrelationcoefficient(CC)is-0.521and-0.437,respectively.Moreover,theanatomicallocalvariationswererecognized;i.e.themostoftheplantsgrowinginMid.WestemNepalhadchal･acteristicallymorethan40corticalfibers,andthoseinSikkimandBhutanhadmorethan50fibersinasubepidennalfiberbundle.Besides,studyingthevariationrelatedtoaltitudeonthesamplesofE.pQcﾉzycI"",thetendenciesthattheplantsgl･owingathigherplaceshadlesssubepidennalfiberbundles,morefibersinasubepidennalfiberbundle,andmorefibersinthepith,wererecognized.Thevariationrelatedtoaltitudeandlatitudeisthoughttobecausedbythechangeoftemperature,besidethefactorsofthevariationwithlongitudeisnotSure.(Cjie"""JS"dy)MaterialsEightyEpﾉzedraplantscollectedinNepalinl994andl995werestudied.Method(Analysisofephedrinealkaloid)Theanalyticalsampleswerepreparedexcludingtheintemodesatthetipandbaseoftheherbalstem・Analyticalconditionsareasfbllows:30mLofmobilephasesolutionofHPLCwasaddedtoappl･oximatelyl50mgofcutherbalstemoftheplantmaterialnaturallydried,sumectedtoa20-minutes!ultrasonicextraction,andcentrifUgedat3,000revolutionsperminuteSforlOminutes.TheSupernatantfluidwasthenusedfbrtheanalysisoffbul･alkaloids,(-)-ephedrine(Eph),(+)-pseudoephedrine(pEph),(-)-norephedrine(nEph)and(±)-methylephedrine(mEph)byHPLCColumn:Chemcosorb3005Cl84.6×250mm(Chemco).Mobilephasesolution:amixtureofCH,CN/H20/H3PO4/sodiumdodecylsulfate(SDS)(l75:325:0.2:2).FIowrate:0.8mL/min.Detect.:UV206nm.Columntemp｡:30℃．-171-VⅣI Ⅱ Ⅲ100380????）」?﹈?????????g-j2●●● 60』?????●40120???082。OO 90｡0086｡00 00 86．00 90｡00theEastLong1.DiameterofherbaltheEaStLong4.NumberofcortiCalstem(mm)fiberbundiesI Ⅲ Ⅳ VⅡ30 300●~●●●●●●●●●●＄:.、8L●20 200＄』???」?? 」?????●●???? ●10↑?1000 082。82｡00 86｡00 90｡00 00'86｡00'90｡00'theEastLong.5.NumberofpithfiberstheEastLong.2.Numberofsubepidermalfiberbundles6040I:Mid.WesternNepalII:WestemNepallll:CentralNepalIV:EastemNepalV:SikkimandBhutan???????????」?????20082。|00'86｡00'90．00'theEastLong.3.MaximumnumberoffibersinasubepidermalfiberbundleFig.1.Geogl･aphicalvariationinanatomicalchal･actel･isticsofherbalstemsOf匂ﾌﾙedmgeﾉ.f77.f加"α.I:AI･ea1.11:A1･eall.111:AI･eall1.1V:ATealV.V:AI･eaV.-172-ReSultanddiSCuSSionS(Fig.2)Thepresentstudyshowedthattheplantsgrowinginthelowlandareahadhigherephedrinealkaloidcontentsthanthosegrowinginthehighlandarea,suggestingthattheephedrinealkaloidcontentwasnotrelatedtothelongitudeofthehabitatbutthatitmightbeaffectedbythealtitudeoftheareawherethestocksgrew・Inhigherplaces,theclimatictemperatureislower.ItisreportedthatthelapserateoftemperatureinthemonsoonseasoninaHimalayanhighmountainregionwasaroundO.5℃/100m.Thisephedrinealkaloidcontentvariation,therefol･e,mightbecausedbythechangesintemperature:theloweratmospherictemperatul･emayaffectthemetabolicactivityoftheplant,whichinretummayreducethealkaloidcontents.E.geraﾉ弓djα"αandE."cIzycI""growatdiffel℃ntaltitudes,withthefbrmergrowinginthehighlandsandthelatterinthelowlands．Asreferredtoaboveresults,bothspeciesmightbeobservedtodifferinalkaloidcontents.Theseresultssuggestedthatthedifferenceinalkaloidcontentwastobeattributednotonlytogeneticfactorsbutalsotodiffel℃nceofenvironmentfactors℃Therefbre,thediversityofqualityinthecrudedrugoriginatingfromEPlledmplantsisconsideredtobeattributednotonlythebotanicaloriginsgenerallyconsideredsofar,butalsothedifferencesinthegrowinghabitats,sLlchasaltitude,oI･atmospherictemperature.3?????。?????????????》、、。、????〕????．。．?、?。???Z（??????1050002000 30004000AItitude(m)Fig.2:GeographicalvariationinalkaloidcontentoftheherbalstemofEP/1edrqPlantswithaltitudinalchanges1局八一上／d一《StudieSOnBerbeJ･jsPlantS》PlantsofthegenusBeﾉ加J-isofthefamilyBerberidaceaecontainberbel･ine,analkaloidcomponentknownasanantibactel･ialreagentoTheil･barkandwoodaregenerallyyellowandtasteverybittel･duetocontainedberberine.DecoctionofbarkorstemofsomeBeﾉもe/'isSpecieShaSbeenuSedaSaremedyfbrcul･ingeyediSeaSeS,diarl･heaandsoon,allovel･thewol･ldincludingAsiancountries.InNepalHimalayas,37taxaofBeノヵerisplantsincluding7val･ietieshavebeenrecordedfromwidealtitudinalranges.MateriaIsFiftysixBeJ-ber/splantswerecollectedinthesummerofl994,1995,andl996inWestemNepal,andwel･eclassifiedintol2taxabasedontheAhrendt'ssystemfbrconvenience.Thebotanicalnamesareasfollows;1)Beﾉｶeris加o舵〃Lamairevar.ﾉzooke'-i,2)B./IookeriLamairevar."zicrocaゅaAhrendt,3)B."iα"cQRoxb.exDC｡,4)B.〃"1be"αmWall.exG.Don,5)B.c〃"iqLindl.,6)B.α"g"ﾉo"Wall.exHook.fetThoms.var.α"g"/o",7)B.r"ricQAhrendt,8)B."7"c'沈"αAhrendt,9)B.ﾉα"c/ikeα"αSchneid.var.ﾉαescMe""α,10)B.ノαeSCﾉzえ“"αSchneid.val･.〃"2bi/qicqAhrendt,11)B.koeん"“"aSchneid.,12)B・zebe"α"αSchneid.And,91barksamplesfi･omtheseplantsarechemicallystudied.Method(Quantitativeanalysisofberberineinthebark)Barksfromthebasalpart,withinlmetel･fromtheground,ofallthematerialswereexamined.Berberinewasdeterminedbythemethodpl･esentedbyYonedaeraﾉ.withsomemodifications・Procedureswel･easfollows:samplebal･kexceptcorklayel･swaspowdered,0.5gofthepowdel･wasextractedthreetimeswithMeOHof30ml,30mland20ml,respectively,fbr30min.at70℃,andthesumoftheextl･actswasadjustedtolOOmlwithMeOHandwasdilutedproperly.Thesolutionwasfiltel･edthroughamembranefilter(0.45卜』m)andwasanalyzedwithHPLC.Analyticalconditionsareasfollows:Column,DevelosilODS-5(4.6×150mm);Mobilephase,CH3CN:H，O:tartaricacid:SDS=525ml:475ml:3.8g:l.4g;Flowrate,0.8ml/min;Wavelength,345nm.ResultanddiSCUSSionS(Fig.3)Asawhole,plantsfromloweraltitudeshadmol･ebel･bel･inethanthosefl･omupperaltitudes.Thecorrelationcoefficientwas-0.418,significantlevellessthanl%.AmongBeJaberisplantsexaminedinthisstudy,thosegrowingatlowel･altitudesgenerallycontainedmoreberberine.Thisisthefirstreportofaltitudinaltrendsinchemicalcontentsatthegenuslevel.Ontheothel､hand,eachNepaleseBeJ-berisspecieshadanaltitudinallynarrowhabitatl･ange,mostlywithinlOOOm.Asthel･esultofthishabitatsegregation,speciesfromlowel･altitudesseeminglycontainedmol･e－174－????????????l)2）]）4）5）6）7）8）9）lO)ll)I2)8???（????? ??』蝋001皿2唖］唖4咽5唖一一′DI2allilude(m)Fig.3:ElevationalvariationofberberinecontentsinthebarkofBerbe"splants(seetextfbrbotanicalnames)bel･berinethanthosefl･omhighel･altitudes.Thedifferenceofhabitattemperaturecontl･olledbyhabitataltitudeseemstoinnuencethemetabolicproductionofberberine.Theseresultsindicatethattheberbel･inecontentinthestembarkofBerbe"splantsisprobablyinnuencedmol･ebyenvironmentalfactors・suchaStemperature,thanbygeneticone,aslikeasephedrinecontentin印/zedmplants.Acknowledgements:TheMinistryofEducation,Science,SportsandCulture,GovemmentofJapan,theGrant-in-Aidfol･IntemationalScientificResea1℃h(FieldResearchNos.07041132andO6041043)supportedexpeditions,inwhichmostofmaterialswerecollected.ReferencesMMikage,A・Takano,HJin,T・TomimoriandT.Namba:StudiesontheNepaleseCrudeDrug,VH,OntheVal･iationsoftheMoIphologicaIAppeai･ancesandtheAlkaioidCoI1tentsoftheHel･balStcmof匂う"e〃αβαc/7)'c/""Boiss.Acc()rdingtotheDifibl･encesofHabitals,S/Io)･[JA"g"k"Z"s/",41(3),209-214(1987).M.Mikage,N.Kondo:Medico-bo[anicaiStLldiesof､凸)/Ted"Plan[sfromtheHimalaVanReRion.Pal･[n.GeograPhicaIVariationinAnatomicalCharactel･softheHerbalStems,andtheEstimationoftheGatheringPlacesofTibetanCrudeDrug{'TSHE'!and''BALU'!,J.ﾉ"".Bor.,73(3),155-164(1998).NKondoandMMikageandKIdaka:Mcdico-BotanicalS[udiesofE))/1e[/rqPlan(sfromtheHimalayanRegion,Partlll・ThecaLIsativefac[orsofval･iationofalkaloidcontentinhel･bals[ems,A/""q/A"E(/IcI""',53(4),194-200(1999)｡MMikageandC.MoLll･i:PharmacognosticalS[Lldiesol『βどﾉ･bgﾉ･jsplants(Belberidaceae)｢I･omNepal(1).AIti[udinal,intel･specific、andpal･tialval･iationofberbel･inecontentinthebark,A/"J"〃Me"c//z2｡s',53(5),249-254(1999).-175-

Anatomical and Chemical Variations of Medicinal Plants: Related with Geographical Changes

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Anatomical and Chemical Variations of Medicinal Plants: Related with Geographical Changes

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