A hybrid organic -inorganic solar cell is provided that includes a substrate, a\u3cbr/\u3etransparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer deposited on the substrate, an n-type electron transport material (ETM) layer, a p-type hole transport material (HTM) layer, an i-type perovskite layer, and an electrode layer, where the substrate layers are arranged in an n-i-p stack, or a p-i-n stack, where the passivating\u3cbr/\u3ebarrier layer is disposed between the layers of the (i) perovskite and HTM, (ii)\u3cbr/\u3eperovskite and ETM, (iii) perovskite and HTM, and perovskite and ETM, or (iv)\u3cbr/\u3eTCO and ETM, and ETM and perovskite, and perovskite and HTM, or (v) substrate\u3cbr/\u3eand TCO, and TCO and ETM, and ETM and perovskite,and perovskite layer and\u3cbr/\u3eHTM, or (vi) a pair of ETM layers, or (vii) a pair of HTM layers
