Huertas García-Alejo, Rafael,

Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB

DYNAMISActa Hispanica ad Medicinae ScientiarumqueHistoriam IllustrandamVol. 14	 1994ContentsPUBLIC HEALTH IN CONTEMPORARY SPAIN(Guest Editor Rafael Huertas García-Alejo)Introduction (Spanish)RAFAEL HUERTAS GARCÍA-ALEJO 	 	 17Regenerationism and Public Health. Angel Pulido's Two-Year Term asHead of the General Directorate of Health (1901-1902) (Spanish)DELFÍN GARCÍA GUERRA; VÍCTOR 2kLVAREZ ANTUNA 	  23Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—Outmoded health care and the regenerationist mood.3.—The health care apostolate. 4.—The need for political renovation.AbstractThe organization of public health services in Spain did not ignore theregenerationist movement, which became especially important after the lossof the colonies in 1898. The need to bring the country in line with the restof Europe accentuated the conviction that health care in Spain was not up tothe standards to be expected in a modern country. Against this background,Angel Pulido occupied his post in the General Directorate of Health from1901 to 1902. His labors were characterized by three major features: thediagnosis of the precarious status of health in the country, which requiredurgent «regenerationist» measures comparable to those applied to otheraspects of life in Spain; the importance of health education at all levels ofsociety; and the need to combat the evils of the peculiar political game of histime, a key obstacle to the effective organization of public health services.Public Health Within the Framework of Local Administration: The Provin-cial Health Institute of Alicante (1924-1936) (Spanish)ENRIQUE PERDIGUERO GIL; JOSEP BERNABEU MESTRE; ELENA ROBLESGONZALEZ 	  43Summary1.—Provincial Institutes of Hygiene: Regulations 1921-1934. 1.1.—Regulationsdefining the Health Brigades. 1.2.—Creation of the Provincial Institutes ofHygiene. 1.3.—The Provincial Institutes of Hygiene within the context ofhealth reforms during the Second Republic. 1.3.1.—The 1931 reforms: FromCounty Council to Mancommunity. 1.3.2.—The 1934 reform: The health serviceslaw. 1.3.2.1.—Consolidation of mancommunity regimen. 1.3.2.2.—Technical,staff and administrative bylaws of the Provincial Institutes of Hygiene.2.—Constitution of the Provincial Institute of Hygiene of Alicante.2.1.—Organization of the Provincial Health Brigade of Alicante. 2.2.—Organizationof the Provincial Institute of Hygiene of Alicante. 2.3.—Development of theProvincial Institute of Hygiene. 3.—The Provincial Institute of Hygiene withinthe framework. of the Mancommunity of Municipalities. 4.—The ProvincialInstitute of Hygiene of Alicante and the 1934 health services law. 5.—Conclusion.AbstractThe development of the Provincial Institute of Hygiene of Alicante is described.In the first part the different national regulations that sanctioned the constitutionand the successive reorganizations of the Provincial Institutes of Hygiene arereviewed. In the Second part, archival sources are used to reconstruct the lifeof the life of the Provincial Institute of Hygiene, from its predecessor, theProvincial Health Brigade, to the outbreak of the Civil War. We study both thefirst period, when administration of the Institute was dependent on theCounty Council, and the later period during the Second Republic, when itwas run by a Municipal Mancommunity.Professionalization of Physicians and Health Campaigns in Twentieth-CenturySpain (Spanish)ROSA MARÍA MEDINA DOMÉNECH; ESTEBAN RODRÍGUEZ OCANA 	  77Summary1.—Profession and specialization: Main sociological features. 2.—Definitionof the market and incipient specialization. 2.1.—Contribution of the campaignagainst infant mortality to the consolidation of Pediatrics. 2.2.—Contributionof the anticancer campaign to the origin of the specialty in Radiotherapy.3.—Technology and negotiation: Foundations of the monopoly.AbstractIn this study we analyze the confluence of two processes that characterized themedical profession in Spain during the first third of the twentieth century.Health campaigns provided a formula for strengthening the interests of theprofessional collective by defining the demand for specific medical services,and consolidating the institutionalization of new areas of medicine, thusjustifying their existence on a scientific basis. In addition, these health campaigns,to a great extent, based their propositions on the reputation of the specialist.We analyze two historical cases: the fight against infant mortality and the fightagainst cancer; the contributions of these two campaigns to the opening of amarket for new specialist services, the role of technology, and processes ofnegotiation with other branches of medicine to guarantee a monopoly inproviding treatment are examined.Prophylaxis Against Aging in Spain During the First Decades of the TwentiethCentury (Spanish)ELVIRA ARQUIOLA 	  95SummaryIntrodúction. 1.—Continuation of classic methods. 2.—Curing old age.3.—Adaptation to old age. 4.—Development of social measures. 4.1.—Oldage, a question of state. 4.2.—A new «fight against old age».AbstractThis article analyzes the different attitudes toward the fight against old ageheld by medical professionals in Spain during the first half of the twentiethcentury. Three clearly differentiated stages are identifiable: «helping them togrow old», «curing old age», and «adapting to old age». The final stage sawthe development of anthropological and social measures.Workers' Housing. One Aspect of the Temperance Movement in SpainDuring the Restoration (Spanish)RICARDO CAMPOS MARÍN 	  111Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—The temperance movement. 3.—The tavernless worker:Family and home. 3.1.—Type and location of workers' housing. 3.2.—Thehome-owning worker. 3.3.—The woman's mission and the role of the homein, the temperance movement.AbstractThe Spanish Restoration saw the development of a pro-temperance literature,aimed at warning against the dangers of the excessive drinking, and demandingthat the authorities apply measures to decrease the consumption of alcohol.One of the basic pillars of the temperance movement was the construction ofhousing for workers. The possibility of workers becoming owners of a healthy,comfortable home, and internalization of the bourgeois concept of the home,were fundamental influences on strategies to keep workers away from thetaverns.Scientific Organization of Work and Medical Strategies for OccupationalHygiene in Spain (1922-1936) (Spanish)JOSÉ MARTÍNEZ PÉREZ		 131Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—A new perspective on safety in the workplace. 3.—Preventionof accidents at the workplace and the Scientific Organization of Work. 4.—Con-sequences of the new strategy. 4.1.—The Scientific Organization of Work andthe institutionalization of Occupational Medicine and Psychology. 4.2.—Preventionof accidents at the workplace and the decrease in labor unrest. 4.3.—Theworkers' new responsibility for their own safety. 5.—Conclusions.AbstractThe present study attempts to explore the discourse with respect to occupationalsafety initially developed by the physicians and psychologists of the MadridInstitute for the Retraining of Invalids. We will try to show that this discoursecomprised different elements that conferred upon it a wider scope than thatof simple guidelines to prevent accidents in the workplace. With the incorporationof concepts such as professional education, orientation and selection, thediscourse developed within a larger framework: that of the «rationalization»of economic and social life in Spain with the help of methods taken from theScientific Organization of Work. To conclude, we describe some consequencesof the application of some of the measures proposed for preventing accidentsat the workplace.The Fight Against «Avoidable» Diseases and the 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemicin Spain (Spanish)ISABEL PORRAS GALLO 	 159Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—The prevention of «avoidable» diseases: Reasons infavor of the strategy chosen. 3.—Legislation for public prophylaxis againstinfectious diseases. 3.1.—Attempts to regulate public prophylaxis against«avoidable» diseases. 3.2.—Medical discourse for the prevention of «avoidable»diseases. 4.—A concept of prophylaxis against infectious diseases and itspractical application. 5.—Conclusions.AbstractThis study tries to examine a series of proposals for the prevention of «avoidable»diseases, which were presented in Parliament between 1914 and 1922. Theseproposals illustrate how Spanish physicians approached public prophylaxisagainst infectious diseases. The article also attempts to highlight how the1918-1919 influenza pandemic may have affected the number and content ofsuch proposals.Exanthematous Typhus During the Period Following the Spanish Civil War(1939-1943). Use of a Collective Disease to Legitimize the New State(Spanish)ISABEL JIMÉNEZ LUCENA 	 185Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—The New State and the public health situation. 3.—Useof the epidemic as a weapon to legitimize and reassert the ideology. 4.—Finalconsiderations.AbstractBy analyzing how the early Francoist regime in Spain used certain aspects ofthe epidemic of exanthematous typhus during the period from 1939 to 1943,this article explores how health policies may legitimize sociopolitical systemsby validating ideas and actions that affect many aspects of society. The typhusepidemic and the actions it gave rise to were used as points of reference tosupport each of the doctrines of legitimization, within the overall ideologicalframework that the victors of the Civil War intended to establish. Theirobjective was to consolidate their power and challenge recusants to the New State.Illness and Social Insurance in Spain During the Early Francoist Regime(1936-1951). The Ill-Fated Compulsory Tuberculosis Insurance Program(Spanish)JORGE MOLERO MESA 	  199Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—The Francoist regime's campaign against tuberculosis:a clear strategy. 3.—The Falangist Party and the campaign against tuberculo-sis. 3.1.—The National Foundation Against Tuberculosis. 3.2.—The CompulsoryTuberculosis Insurance program. 4.—The sharing of power: The Directorateof Health versus the Social Insurances Institute. 5.—The Foundation and theCompulsory Health Insurance program: An impossible collaboration. 5.1.—Finalrestructuring of the Foundation. 5.2.—Duplicity of the health services.AbstractThe campaign against tuberculosis was one of the main health tasks undertakenby the Francoist regime from the beginning of the Civil War. At the same time, theproject to introduce compulsory insurance against tuberculosis was initiated, basedon the Italian model of social insurance. This article analyzes the circumstancesthat impeded the implementation of the insurance program. One determiningfactor was the division of power among the different factions of the Francoistregime, which led to the introduction of compulsory health insurance by theFalangist Party. Relevant features concerning the organization and goals ofthe anti-tuberculosis campaign in Spain from 1936 to 1951 are also described.ARTICLESSebastiano Dall'Aquila (c. 1440-c. 1510) and the «Disputation of Ferrara»Concerning Syphilis (1497) (Spanish)JON ARRIZABALAGA		 227Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—Biographical note. 3.—Dall'Aquila and the «Disputationof Ferrara».AbstractThis article aims to better illuminate the professional activities and intellectualpersonality of the Italian physician Sebastiano dall'Aquila Sebastianus Aquilanus(c. 1440-c. 1510) by assembling and reinterpreting several references to himfrom a number of both printed and manuscript sources that have had limitedcirculation among historians of medicine. The results of the inquiry arepresented. In the first part the major features of his biography are outlined.The second one deals with his participation in the so-called «disputation ofFerrara», a notorious medical debate on the «French disease» (morbus gallicus)that took place in this northern Italian city in 1497, the details of which aredescribed in greater detail. As a result, both the «Ferrara debate» and thefigure of Sebastiano dall'Aquila attain a rather different historical significance.The Medical World of Juan Gil de Zamora's Historia Naturalis (ca. 1275-1296 (Spanish)Luis GARCÍA BALLESTER; AVELINO DOMÍNGUEZ 	 249Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—Authors and medical writings: their diffusion in the Kingdomof Castille. 2.1.—Salernitan texts and Avicenna's Canon. 2.2.—Gilbertus de Aquila(Angelicus) and his Compendium medicine. 2.3.—Antidotaries. 2.4.—Hippocraticand Galenic writings. 2.5.—The other side of the coin: the antinaturalist reaction.AbstractThe article describes the authors and works which were quoted by the FranciscanJuan Gil de Zamora in his Historia naturalis, a scientific encyclopaedia writtenbetween c. 1275 and before 1296, probably in the Franciscan monastery ofZamora (Kingdom of Castille). Juan Gil made wide use of the Avicenna'sCanon, Gilbertus de Aquila (Anglicus)'s Compendium medicine, and Salernitanmedical literature. His work contributed to the diffusion of these medicalauthors and works throughout the Christian intellectual milieu of late medie-val Castille. This diffusion was not without problems.The Mirage of Free Practice. Regulation of Medical Care in Nineteenth-Century Spain (Spanish)JOSÉ VALENZUELA CANDELARIO 	  269SummaryIntroduction. 1.—Foundations of the professional debate. Models of healthcare in the Enlightenment. 2.—The liberal alternative model: public charityorganization and free practice. 3.—Liberal reform. 3.1.—Planning health carereforms: A many-sided debate. 3.2.—Toward a dual model of medical care:Medicine for the rich, and medicine for the poor. 3.3.—The debate over legaltechnicalities: The regulation of health care. 3.4.—The progressive alternative:The six-year reform. 4.—Epilogue: The Restoration period. The local physicians'corporative movement. 5.—Conclusion.AbstractThis article examines the organization of extrahospitalary medical care inSpain during the Nineteenth Century. We have attempted to use contemporarysources (newspapers, medical monographs, parliamentary records) within thebackground of the establishment of liberal politics in Spain. Our centralhypothesis was that medical practice has to be considered a helping profession,to which free private practice was associated in an opportunistic manner.Faced with the mirage of «market” deregulation, foreseen even by the professionalélite, regulation by the state and corporative pressures framed the publicsystem of health care, and favored consolidation of the profession. Successivereforms in the regulation of medical practice reflected the marked antagonismbetween city and country. The resulting hybrid model made public practicecompatible with private practice by physicians on the state 's payroll.DOCUMENTSAn Unpublished Letter by Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763-1822)on the Spread of Vaccination in Spain (1801) (Spanish)GUILLERMO OLAGÜE DE ROS; MIKEL ASTRAIN GALLART 	  305Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—Transcription of Ruiz de Luzuriaga's manuscript, datedc. December 1801 in Madrid.AbstractWith this document we provide an initial study of the introduction of vaccinationagainst smallpox in Spain. Despite the great number of studies on the topic,there is need for complementary research to examine in detail how, when,and with what means vaccination was introduced in and spread throughoutthe country. Doctor Ignacio María Ruiz Luzuriaga (1763-1822), a leadingcharacter in this process, was an ardent proponent of vaccination, and vaccinatorto the Court. Although he published nothing on the topic, he left behindseveral manuscripts, including reports and letters, that are held at the NationalAcademy of Medicine in Madrid. We present one such letter, dated approximatelyin December, 1801, in which the writer gives an overview of the spread ofvaccination and its proponents. Despite the inflated role Luzuriaga claims forhimself, the text offers new information, and in particular, raises a number ofquestions (such as that regarding professional competition, the lack of acentral vaccination committee, the role of enlightened bureaucrats, andcommunications with France during this period) which have yet to be examinedin depth by Spanish medical historians.THESES ON THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND SCIENCE PRESENTEDIN SPANISH UNIVERSITIES, 1991-1993SECTION COORDINATED BY ALFREDO MENÉNDEZ NAVARRO 	 339ANNOUNCEMENTS 	  355NEWS 	  361BOOK REVIEWSBibliografia Histórica sobre la Ciencia y la Técnica en Esparsa (1988-1991).Asclepio, 41; 42; 43; 44.ALFREDO MENÉNDEZ NAVARRO 	  369Actas 11 Congreso de la Asociación de Demografia Histórica (1991), Beitia edicio-nes de Historia.PEDRO MARSET CAMPOS y JOSÉ MIGUEL SÁEZ GÓMEZ 	 372Roselyne Rey (1993). Histoire de la douleur/History of pain, Éditions LaDécouverte.FERNANDO SALMÓN 	 376Cristina Segura Grairlo (ed.) (1993) La voz del silencio	 Historia de lasmujeres: Compromiso y método, Laya/Asociación Cultural Al-Mudayna.TERESA ORTIZ GÓMEZ 	  377Vivina Asensi Artiga (1992). Murcia: sanidad municipal (1474-1504), Univer-sidad de Murcia.VICENTE L. SALAVERT 	  379Hilary Marland (ed.) (1993). The art of midwifery. Early modern midwives inEurope, Routledge.ROSA BALLESTER At:ióN 	  380Ignacio González Tascón (1992). Ingeniería espariola en Ultramar, siglos XVI-XIX, Cehopu/Tabapres.ANTONIO LAFUENTE 	  382Elvira Arquiola; Luis Montiel (1993). La corona de las ciencias naturales. Lamedicina en el transito del siglo XVIII al XIX, C.S.I.C.ROSA BALLESTER A 'NÓN 	  385D. v. Engelhardt (1991). Medizin in der Literatur der Neuzeit (Bd. Darstellungund Deutung), Guido Pressler Verlag.Luis MONTIEL 	  386Patrice Pinell (1992). Naissance d'un fléau. Histoire de la lutte contre le canceren France (1890-1940), Éditions Métailié.ROSA	 MEDINA DOMÉNECH 	  388Alfred I. Tauber; Leon Chernyak (1991). Metchnikoff and the Origins ofImmunology: From Metaphor to Theory, Oxford University Press.JAVIER MAZANA CASANOVA 	  391Paolo Sorcinelli (1992) La follia della guerra. Storie del maniconio negli anniquaranta, Franco Angeli; Gli italiani e il cibo. Appetiti, digiuni e rinuncedalla realtà contadina alla società del benessere, C.L.U.E.B.JOSEP LLUIS BARONA 	  394Robert N. Proctor (1991). Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in ModernKnowledge, Harvard University Press.FRANCISCO JAVIER RODRÍGUEZ ALCAZAR 	  396LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 	  401INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 	  405

Contents. Public Health in contemporary Spain

http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/dynamis/02119536v14/02119536v14p7.pdf

Contents. Public Health in contemporary Spain

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB