A Cantu Antonio

A Puri

AA Zahir

C Dipankar

D Luciana

D Philip

EJ Guidelli

H Li

HJ Park

J Das

J Yanga

JC Scaiano

Kholoud MM Abou

M Balasubramanian

M Khanapur

M Vanaja

MF Zayed

MR Bindhu

MV Roldán

N Raman

N Vigneshwaran

P Kshirsagar

TJ Edison

U Jagtap

V Suresh

YP Sun

Applied Nanoscience

Shibani Basu

Priyankar Maji

Jhuma Ganguly

Crossref

ORIGINAL ARTICLERapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous extractof seeds of Nyctanthes arbor-tristisShibani Basu • Priyankar Maji • Jhuma GangulyReceived: 11 August 2014 / Accepted: 27 January 2015 / Published online: 13 February 2015 The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.comAbstract The present study explores that the aqueousextract of the seeds of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (aka nightjasmine) is very efficient for the synthesis of stable AgNPsfrom aqueous solution of AgNO3. The extract acts as bothreducing (from Ag? to Ag0) and capping agent in theaqueous phase. The constituents in extract are mainlybiomolecules like carbohydrates and phenolic compounds,which are responsible for the preparation of stable AgNPswithin 20 min of reaction time at 25 C using without anysevere conditions. The synthesized silver nanoparticleswere characterized with UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR,XRD and SEM. UV–Vis spectroscopy analysis showedpeak at 420 nm, which corresponds to the surface plasmonresonance of AgNPs. XRD results showed peaks at (111),(200), (220), which confirmed the presence of AgNPs withface-centered cubic structure. The uniform spherical natureof the AgNPs and size (between 50 and 80 nm) were fur-ther confirmed by SEM analysis.Keywords Nyctanthes arbor-tristis  Aqueous extract Green synthesis  Silver nanoparticlesAbbreviationsAgNP Silver nanoparticleAgNO3 Silver nitrateFCC Face-centered cubicUV–Vis Ultraviolet visibleFT-IR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopySEM Scanning electron microscopyXRD X-ray diffractionIntroductionThe development of nanoparticle synthesis have got a re-markable recognition at present scenario because of theexcellent implication of optical, chemical and biologicalproperties. The diversity of metal nanoparticles (MPNs)showed various physiochemical and biochemical propertiesto design new devices and catalytic activity for importantindustrial reactions. The large number of techno-commer-cial products containing nanomaterials and their possibleapplications continue to grow exponentially (Luciana et al.2011). The size, shape and surface morphology ofnanoparticles play a most vital role in controlling thephysical, chemical and biological properties of nanoparti-cles (D. Philip 2010). Among all nanoparticles, silvernanoparticles have potential applications in the fields ofagriculture (Park et al. 2006), forensic science (C. Antonio2008), chemistry (Li et al. 2009), waste management,pollution control, solar cells, and biomedicine. Variouschemicals and physical methodology are listed for thesynthesis of nanoparticles such as chemical reduction(Kholoud et al. 2010), photochemical reduction (Kshir-sagar et al. 2014; Scaiano et al. 2009), and electrochemicalreduction (Rolda´n et al. 2013; Yanga et al. 2011). Theseprocesses sometimes depend on the toxic chemicals (suchas solvent, reducing agent, capping agent) which may notbe harmful for the synthesis of nanoparticles in industrialpurposes but it is always expected to synthesize theS. Basu  P. Maji  J. Ganguly (&)Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of EngineeringScience and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103,West Bengal, Indiae-mail: jhumaiiest@gmail.comS. Basue-mail: meetbasu.shibani@gmail.comP. Majie-mail: priyankar4life@gmail.com123Appl Nanosci (2016) 6:1–5DOI 10.1007/s13204-015-0407-9nanoparticles in greener approach in the application ofenvironmental and biological issues. Thus, there is agrowing need to develop eco-friendly processes to avoidthe use of toxic and hazardous chemicals in their synthesis(Vanaja and Annadurai 2013).Over the past decade, increasing awareness and re-quirement of sustainable development about the environ-ment has led to focus on ‘green chemistry’. Utilization ofnon-toxic non-hazardous chemicals, environmentally be-nign solvents and renewable materials are some of the keyissues that merit the important consideration in a greensynthesis strategy (Vigneshwaran et al. 2006). Recently,researchers have initiated using bioactive molecules astemplates for generation of inorganic structures and mate-rials. The aqueous phase and the use of biocompatiblematerials as reducing and capping agents for the prepara-tion of nanoparticles in different shapes and sizes and theirstabilization will undoubtedly play a crucial role (Vig-neshwaran et al. 2006).Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is one of the well-knownmedicinal herbs of Indian origin. The extracts of theseeds, flowers and leaves possess various medicinalvalues, e.g. immunoenhancer, hepatoprotective, antimi-crobial and anti-parasitological activities in vitro (Puriet al. 1994). Phytochemicals analysis of seeds showedthe presence of phytosterols, phenolics compounds,tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and al-kaloids. The phytochemical repertoire of N. arbor seedswith no toxicity made it a choice of interest enroute togreen synthesis in the preparation of AgNPs by reductionof Ag salts (Suresh and Arunachalam 2012; Balasubra-manian 2012; Khanapur et al. 2014). In accordance withthe mentioned facts and relevant references, in the pre-sent study, we used aqueous extract of N. arbor-tristisseeds, which is low cost, non-toxic, environment friendlyand having an excellent reducing capacity for the syn-thesis of AgNPs. The current studies showed the effi-cient approach of green synthesis for the preparation ofAgNPs and their formation and morphology were ana-lyzed and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT-IRanalysis, XRD and SEM analysis. The instrumentalanalysis shows a good agreement with each other for thesynthesized AgNPs.Materials and methodsMaterialsThe seeds of N. arbor-tristis (Fig. 1) were collected fromthe garden at the end of November. Silver nitrate waspurchased from Merck Limited, India. Throughout theexperiments, Milli Q water was used.MethodsCollection of sample, extraction and isolationThe dry seeds of N. arbor-tristis were collected, seedsseparated from peel, dried andmade into powdered form. Thepowdered samples were kept in water for 48 h at 25 C undercontinuous stirring condition. The crude aqueous extract wascollected by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 15 min.Synthesis of silver nanoparticlesIn a typical green reaction procedure, aqueous extract wasadded to 1 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution with stirring atroom temperature. The colorless AgNO3 solution was in-stantly turned into light to dark brown colouration afteraddition of aqueous extract.Characterization techniquesUV–Vis spectra techniqueThe reduction of Ag? to Ag0 was observed by measuringthe Absorbance in UV–Vis spectrum (Sun et al. 2001) atdifferent time intervals with the aliquot reaction mixtureand water used as blank. UV–Vis spectral analysis has beenmonitored by using a series 3000 double beam ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometer (JASCO V360) at a resolutionfrom 200 to 800 nm.XRD techniqueX-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of drop-coated films ofsynthesized. AgNPs were prepared for the determination ofFig. 1 Seeds of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis2 Appl Nanosci (2016) 6:1–5123the type of crystallization. A Bruker D-8 Advanced X-Raydiffractometer with 2h = 30–80 scanning mechanism andNi-filtered Cu K X-radiation with wavelength1.540598 A˚ used for this characterization.FT-IR spectroscopyFT-IR spectra were obtained on JASCO FT/IR-460 plusspectrometer. The synthesized AgNPs were mixed withKBr powder and pressed into a pellet for measurement.Background correction was made using a reference blankKBr pellet.SEM analysisSynthesized AgNPs were used for SEM analysis by fabri-cating a drop of suspension onto a clean electric stubs andallowing water to completely evaporate with platinumcoating. SEM observations were carried out on a ZEISSEVO 18 electron microscope.Results and discussionUV–VIS absorbance analysisAqueous extract was added to 1 mM aqueous AgNO3solution with stirring at room temperature. The change ofcolouration occurred from light to dark brown suspensionwithin 20 min of addition (Fig. 2). The aqueous extractbehaved as both reducing (from Ag? to Ag0) as well ascapping agent for nascent nanoparticles and the changeof colouration indicated the formation of Silvernanoparticles. According to the distribution of size ofnanoparticles, the synthesized AgNPs showed absorbance(kmax) from 415 to 425 nm and the absorbance centered at420 nm, which corresponds to the wavelength of thesurface plasmon resonance of AgNPs (Fig. 3). The ab-sorbance (kmax) also gives a more blue shift tendency(distribution of size[50 nm) along with prominent peakat 420 nm (distribution of size =/\50 nm) because of thepresence of mixing of various sized nanoparticles. TheSEM analysis predicts the distribution of size of AgNPsfrom 50 to 80 nm, which is in good agreement with theabsorbance observed in UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Zahirand Rahuman 2012).XRD analysisAnalysis of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) was per-formed to confirm the crystalline nature of the AgNPs.The XRD pattern showed numbers of Bragg reflectionsthat may be indexed on the basis of the FCC structure ofsilver. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) was recorded forthe synthesized AgNPs (Fig. 4). Three distinct peaks at2h values of 38.378, 44.608 and 64.573 were indexedwith the planes (111), (200), and (220) for FCC silver asper the JCPDS card no. 04–0783. The well-resolved andintense XRD pattern clearly showed that the AgNPsformed by the reduction of Ag? ions using aqueousextract are crystalline in nature. The low intense peak at77.34 belongs to (311) plane. Similar results were re-ported for AgNPs in the literature. (Jagtap and Bapa2013; Das et al. 2013; Edison and Sethuraman 2013;Raman et al. 2012; Zayed et al. 2012; Dipankar andMurugan 2012; Bindhu and Umadevi 2013; Guidelliet al. 2011).FT-IR analysisThe dual role of the plant extract as a bioreductant andcapping agent was confirmed by FT-IR analysis ofFig. 2 Freshly prepared AgNO3 sol ( A), reaction mixture of AgNO3and seed extract after 20 min (B), reaction mixture of AgNO3 andseed extract after 5 h (C)Fig. 3 UV–Vis absorption spectrum of synthesized AgNPsAppl Nanosci (2016) 6:1–5 3123AgNPs. The sample for the infrared analysis was carefullyprepared to exclude any possibility of the presence of anyunbound plant extract residue. The similarities betweenthe spectra (Fig. 5), with some marginal shifts in peakposition, clearly indicate the presence of the residual plantextract in the sample as a capping agent to the AgNPs.The peak (Fig. 5) observed at 3,456 cm-1 in seed extractis characteristic of the O–H stretching. The band at1,644 cm-1 corresponds to amide C=O stretch. In the caseof nanoparticles, a large shift in the absorbance peak withdecreased band intensity was observed from 3,494 to3,312 cm-1 (Fig. 5) implying the binding of silver withhydroxyl groups of the extract. The spectra also show ashift at 1,637 cm-1 related to amide I linkages, validatesthat free amino (–NH2) or carboxylate (–COO) groups incompounds of the seed extract have interacted withAgNPs (Khalil 2013).SEM analysis for AgNPsThe analysis of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)images predicts the formation and the morphology of stablesilver nanoparticles obtained from the current green ap-proach. The images showed the presence of both individualas well as the aggregated AgNPs. The AgNPs are mainlyuniform spherical shaped with the average range of particlesize distribution from 50 to 80 nm. The surface plasmonresonance (kmax) observed in the UV–Vis spectra for thedistribution of size is excellent resemblance with the SEMdata (Fig. 6).ConclusionsThe rapid green approach is performed for the preparationof stable AgNPs applying the aqueous extract of the seed ofN. arbor-tristis. The aqueous extract is used both as re-ducing and capping agent. The formation of AgNPs (fromAg? to Ag0) is confirmed by the observed surface Plasmonresonance (kmax at 415–425 nm centered at 420 nm) inUV–Vis spectra. The analysis of SEM predicts the uniformspherical shape along with the distribution of particle sizewithin the range 50–80 nm. The XRD shows crystallinenature of FCC silver with the planes (111), (200), and(220). Moreover, its ample sources and low cost make N.arbor-tristis seed extract potentially striking for the up-scaling of metallic non-materials to explore various cat-alytic and biomedical applications.Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for financial supportsfrom the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for project code BT/PR6195/FNS/20/648/2012.Fig. 4 X-ray diffraction pattern of the green synthesized silvernanoparticles AgNPsFig. 5 FT-IR pattern of the (A water extract of N. arbor seed,B synthesized AgNP)Fig. 6 SEM images of synthesized AgNPs4 Appl Nanosci (2016) 6:1–5123Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, dis-tribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the originalauthor(s) and the source are credited.ReferenceAbou Kholoud MM, El-Noura Ala’a Eftaihab, Al-Warthanb Abdul-rhman, Reda AA (2010) Synthesis and applications of silvernanoparticles. 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Rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous extract of seeds of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

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Rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous extract of seeds of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

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