Hansen, S.F.

Heggelund, L.R.

Mackevica, A.

Mines, Paul D.

Olsson, M.E.

Stephan, Chady

Online Research Database In Technology

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Mar 29, 2019Transport of Nanoparticles From Coated Surfaces Through Physical ContactApplication NoteMackevica, Aiga; Olsson, Mikael Emil; Heggelund, Laura Roverskov; Hansen, Steffen Foss; Mines, PaulD.; Stephan, ChadyPublication date:2018Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Mackevica, A., Olsson, M. E., Heggelund, L. R., Hansen, S. F., Mines, P. D., & Stephan, C. (2018). Transport ofNanoparticles From Coated Surfaces Through Physical Contact: Application Note. PerkinElmer Inc.IntroductionWith the growing use and incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) into consumer products, concern about human exposure to NPs has also increased, leading to the question: Are nanoparticles in consumer products transferred to humans? Since user interaction with these products occurs mostly via physical interaction, it is important to understand how NPs are transferred through physical contact.  This work explores the transfer of nanoparticles from nano-enabled surfaces to wipes, focusing on several characteristics of nanoparticle release: total mass concentration, particle number concentration, and particle size distribution. Because of their wide use due to antimicrobial properties, silver (Ag) NPs were examined, along with CuO NP transfer from painted surfaces. A more detailed description of this work is available1, so only an overview will be given here.Transport of Nanoparticles  From Coated Surfaces Through Physical ContactA P P L I C A T I O N  N O T EAuthors:A. Mackevica M.E. Olsson L.R. Heggelund S.F. HansenTechnical University of Denmark Department of Environmental Engineering Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkP.D. MinesTechnical University of Denmark Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkChady StephanPerkinElmer Inc. Woodbridge, ON CanadaICP - Mass Spectrometry2ExperimentalSamples and Sample PreparationIn this work, two different types of consumer products were examined: Ag-containing silicone keyboard covers and wooden blocks painted with CuO-containing paint (Table 1). To evaluate NP transport from these products, two types of wipes were  used in conjunction with synthetic sweat.2 The different wipes were used to minimize the Ag and Cu backgrounds: one wipe had a lower Ag background and was used for the Ag NP testing, while the second one had a lower Cu background, making it the better choice for the Cu NP evaluation.NP transfer studies were conducted by wetting a 5 x 5 cm wipe with 0.5 mL artificial sweat and then rubbing the wetted wipe,  as described in the NIOSH guideline Elements on Wipes: Method 9102.3 To ensure consistency, the wiping was done in a specific overlapping “S” pattern while the sample was sitting on a scale to ensure equivalent pressure was being exerted on each sample. Immediately after a wiping event was complete, the wipe was placed in a plastic container with 20 mL of deionized water, sonicated for 10 min, and then the suspension was immediately analyzed by single particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS). For the wooden blocks, wiping was conducted both prior to and after simulated wear. The simulated wear was accomplished by sanding the blocks by hand three times, following the same procedure as  the wiping, except using 180 grit sandpaper.To check for the recovery and extraction of nanoparticles from the wipes, four fundamental tests were performed, as described in Table 2. After the artificial sweat and/or nanoparticles were added, the samples were submerged in 20 mL of deionized water, sonicated for 10 minutes in an ice-bath, and then immediately analyzed by SP-ICP-MS. These tests were performed with both  30 nm Ag NPs (Cline, Sweden) and 30-50 nm CuO NPs (PlasmaChem GmbH, Germany).Product Description  Nanoparticle NotesSilicone  Keyboard  CoversAntimicrobial PropertiesAgAdvertised That  Contains Ag NPs Antimicrobial PropertiesNo Antimicrobial Properties ---Control; No Claim of Antimicrobial PropertiesWooden  BlocksCuO-containing PaintCuO Contains CuO NPsPaint Without CuO ---Control; Certified Not  to Contain CuO NPsTable 1. Products Tested for Dermal Nanoparticle Transport.Test Number Wipe Artificial Sweat NP Suspension1 Yes 0.5 mL Added to Wipe 0.25 mL Added to Wipe2 Yes 0.5 mL Added to Wipe No3 No 0.5 mL Added to Water 0.25 mL Added to Water4 No 0.5 mL Added to Water NoTable 2. Recovery and Extraction Tests.Instrumental Conditions and AnalysisAll analyses were performed on a PerkinElmer NexION® ICP-MS coupled with the Syngistix™ Nano Application software module and operating in Single Particle mode (SP-ICP-MS) using the conditions shown in Table 3. The transport efficiency of the system was determined with 60 nm gold nanoparticles, while the sample uptake rate was measured daily by determining the mass difference of water over a given time period.Parameter Ag Analysis CuO AnalysisCell Gas Flow (mL/min) No Gas 5.7 (He)Measurement Time (s) 100 100Dwell Time (µs) 100 100Analytical Mass 107 63Mass Fraction 1.00 0.80Density (g/cm3) 10.49 6.31Transport Efficiency (%) 8.89 8.74Sample Uptake Rate (mL/min) 0.304 0.307Parameter Recovery Ag NPs Recovery CuO NPsParticle # Concentration 81% 84%Total Mass 82% 109%Table 3. Instrumental Parameters for SP-ICP-MS Analysis.Table 4 . Recovery of Ag and CuO NPs from Method Validation Studies.Results and DiscussionTo validate the extraction of nanoparticles from the wipes, the tests outlined in Table 3 were performed in triplicate before any samples were evaluated. The recoveries for both the number  of particles and the total mass for both Ag and CuO NPs are shown in Table 4. With greater than 80% recovery of both particles, the extraction methodology from the wipes is proven to be effective. Longer sonication times could be used to liberate  more particles from the wipes, but the longer time risks dissolving some of the particles which were extracted earlier in the sonication process. It is interesting to note that the total mass recovery for the CuO NPs is greater than 100%, which indicates that some Cu is being introduced into the system, most likely  as contamination in the wipes.   It is also important to determine if the extraction process affects the particle-size measurements. When the measured particle sizes are compared to the certificate values of the NP standards, there is very good agreement, as shown in Table 5. The results in Tables 4 and 5 indicate that this extraction process is effective for both Ag and CuO NPs.Nanoparticle Certified Size (nm)Measured Mean Size (nm)NP NP + WipeAg 30 31 31CuO 30-50 52 62Table 5. Comparison of Nominal and Measured Particle Sizes.3With the validity of the extraction established, the keyboard covers and wood blocks were analyzed next. First, Ag NP release from keyboard covers was evaluated. As shown in Figure 1, only one keyboard cover showed an increased number of Ag NPs over the course of three wiping events, when compared to the control (i.e. keyboard cover without any Ag NPs). However, when looking at the mass concentration, the wipes from all three keyboard covers have sub ng/cm2 concentrations of Ag NPs, which is considered negligible and is unlikely to pose a health hazard.Figure 1. Ag NP transfer from keyboard covers with wipes. Left: transfer in number of particles per cm2. Right: mass transfer in ng/cm2. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean for three samples. The “Ag-control” is a keyboard cover that does not contain Ag NPs.Next, the release of CuO NPs from painted wooden blocks was evaluated in the same way as the keyboard covers. It was found that virtually no CuO NPs were extracted from the paint, as the number and concentration of CuO NPs was the same as the control sample (which does not to contain NPs), as shown in Figure 2. However, after the blocks were sanded, the number  of CuO NPs increased significantly (Figure 2), demonstrating that as the paint wears, consumers will be more exposed to CuO NPs. With wooden blocks, this is a concern especially for children, due to higher frequency of hand-to-mouth contact.Figure 2. CuO NP transfer from painted wooden blocks. Left: transfer in number of particles per cm2. Right: mass transfer in ng/cm2. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean for three samples. The “CuO-Control” are blocks covered with paint that do not contain CuO NPs.For a complete listing of our global offices, visit www.perkinelmer.com/ContactUsCopyright ©2018, PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. PerkinElmer® is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 013969_01 PKIPerkinElmer, Inc. 940 Winter Street Waltham, MA 02451 USA P: (800) 762-4000 or (+1) 203-925-4602www.perkinelmer.comConclusionsThis work investigated the transfer of Ag and CuO nanoparticles from consumer products via simulated dermal contact by using textile wipes as a surrogate using PerkinElmer’s NexION ICP-MS single particle analyzer with the unique Syngistix Nano Application software module for data collection and analysis. In both samples investigated (silicone keyboard covers and painted wooden blocks), NP transfer was negligible unless the surfaces were subject to wear. These results indicate that consumers generally do not have to worry about nanoparticle transfer through contact from products which do not show signs of wear.References1.  Mackevica, A., Olsson, M.E., Mines, P.D., Heggelund, L.R., Hansen, S.F., "Dermal transfer quantification of nanoparticles from nano-enabled surfaces", NanoImpact, Available online 9 June 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2018.06.001).2.  ISO, 2013. ISO 105-E04:2013 - Textiles: Tests for colour fastness. Part E04: Colour fastness to perspiration.3.  NIOSH, 2003. Elements on wipes: Method 9102, in: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods 4th Edition.Consumables UsedComponent Description  Part NumberSample Uptake Tubing0.38 mm id (Green/Orange), Flared, 2-StopN0777042Drain Tubing1.30 mm id (Gray/Gray), Santoprene, 2-StopN0777444Gold Nanoparticles 60 nm, in Suspension N8142303

Transport of Nanoparticles From Coated Surfaces Through Physical Contact:Application Note

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Transport of Nanoparticles From Coated Surfaces Through Physical Contact:Application Note

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