The paper investigates the role of consumption of both renewable and sustainable energy, as well
as alternative and nuclear energy, in mitigating the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,
based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The papers introduces a novel variable to
capture trade openness, which appears to be a crucial factor in inter-regional co-operation and
development, in order to evaluate its effect on the environment, The empirical analysis is based on
a sample of nine signatories to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific
Partnership (CPTPP) for the period 1971-2014, which is based on data availability. The empirical
analysis is based on several time series econometric methods, such as the cointegration test, two
long run estimators, namely the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic
ordinary least squares (DOLS) methods, as well as the Granger causality test. There are several
noteworthy empirical findings: it is possibl
