An unusual eye malformation observed in Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini), is described and illustrated. The functionality of the ectopic compound eye is discussed. According to label data, larval association with oak rotten log habitats is reported.
Se describe e ilustra una malformación inusual en los ojos de Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey, 1914). Se discute la funcionalidad de los ojos compuestos ectópicos. De acuerdo con los datos de etiqueta, se reporta la asociación de la larva con madera de roble en descomposición

Deloya, Cuauhtemoc

Gasca-Álvarez, Héctor Jaime

Skelley, Paul E.

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - LincolnDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - LincolnInsecta Mundi Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville,Florida2018A remarkable teratological specimen of Trichiotinusrufobrunneus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae:Cetoniinae: Trichiini)Héctor Jaime Gasca-ÁlvarezCorporacion Sentido Natural, hjgasca@sentidonatural.orgPaul E. SkelleyFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Paul.Skelley@FreshFromFlorida.comCuauhtemoc DeloyaInstituto de Ecología, A.C., cuauhtemoc.deloya@inecol.mxFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundiPart of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@Universityof Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska- Lincoln.Gasca-Álvarez, Héctor Jaime; Skelley, Paul E.; and Deloya, Cuauhtemoc, "A remarkable teratological specimen of Trichiotinusrufobrunneus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini)" (2018). Insecta Mundi. 1175.http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1175Center for SyStematiC entomology, inC., Gainesville, FLInsecta MundI A Journal of World Insect Systematics0680A remarkable teratological specimen of  Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey)  (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini)Héctor Jaime Gasca-ÁlvarezPrograma de InvestigaciónCorporación Sentido NaturalBogotá, Colombia. Paul SkelleyFlorida State Collection of ArthropodsFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesP. O. Box 147100Gainesville, FL 32614-7100 USACuauhtémoc DeloyaRed de Interacciones MultitróficasInstituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, MéxicoDate of issue: December 28, 201806801–5urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6849188C-81E7-45E8-86C4-AB-CB481A61EE201828DecemberHéctor Jaime Gasca-Álvarez, Paul Skelley and Cuauhtémoc DeloyaA remarkable teratological specimen of Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini)Insecta Mundi 0680: 1–5ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6849188C-81E7-45E8-86C4-ABCB481A61EEPublished in 2018 byCenter for Systematic Entomology, Inc.P.O. Box 141874Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USAhttp://centerforsystematicentomology.org/Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. Topics considered for publication include systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, checklists, faunal works, and natural history. 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Forsyth0680: 1–5 2018A remarkable teratological specimen of Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini)Héctor Jaime Gasca-ÁlvarezPrograma de InvestigaciónCorporación Sentido NaturalBogotá, Colombia. hjgasca@sentidonatural.orgPaul SkelleyFlorida State Collection of ArthropodsFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesP. O. Box 147100Gainesville, FL 32614-7100 USAPaul.Skelley@freshfromflorida.comCuauhtémoc DeloyaRed de Interacciones MultitróficasInstituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Méxicocuauhtemoc.deloya@inecol.mxAbstract. An unusual eye malformation observed in Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaei-dae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini), is described and illustrated. The functionality of the ectopic compound eye is discussed. According to label data, larval association with oak rotten log habitats is reported.Key words. Teratology, morphology, Scarabaeoidea.Resumen. Se describe e ilustra una malformación inusual en los ojos de Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey, 1914). Se discute la funcionalidad de los ojos compuestos ectópicos. De acuerdo con los datos de etiqueta, se reporta la asociación de la larva con madera de roble en descomposición. Palabras clave. Teratología, morfología, Scarabaeoidea. IntroductionMorphological malformations are common in Coleoptera and have been widely documented (Moc-querys 1880; Ellis 1915; Balazuc 1948, 1969; Ortuño and Hernández 1993; Ortuño and Ramos-Abuín 2008; Castro-Tovar et al. 2014). Malformations are frequently reported in Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae (Frank 1981; Gandhi and Herms 2008; Asiain and Márquez 2009; Ortuño and Peláez 2004; Clark and Belo-Neto 2010; Verdugo 2013; Verdugo and del Saz Fucho 2012; Verdugo and Toribio 2015, 2017) and in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea (see Gasca-Álvarez et al. 2017). Several authors have reiterated the scientific importance of describing and illustrating insect abnor-malities. They state that some cases can provide relevant information about environmental influences on developmental processes (Glasgow 1925; Cockayne 1937; Savini and Furth 2004; Clark and Belo-Neto 2010). The origin of these developmental abnormalities has been difficult to establish. Some can be coded in the DNA and are transferable to subsequent generations. In some cases, malformations can be produced by the effects of a single gene, or are characterized by diverse phenotypic expressions that may involve multiple genes and their interactions with the environment (Clark and Belo-Neto 2010; Palomar-Morales et al. 2016). These abnormalities can be caused by the action of endogenous or exogenous factors that influence embryonic and/or postembryonic development. Virus infections or parasites, can be other fac-tors associated with the occurrence of malformations.2 • Insecta MundI 0680, December 2018 Gasca-Álvarez et al.Continuing documentation of the teratology of scarab beetles (see Gasca-Álvarez et al. 2017), we report herein a notable case in a male specimen of Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey)Materials and MethodsThe male specimen is housed in the Florida State Collections of Arthropods (Gainesville, Florida, United States of America), and labelled: “FLORIDA: Levy Co. 3.8 mi SW Archer 23-III-1988. P. Skel-ley: reared from grub in rotten oak log”. Photographs were taken using the AutoMontage system by Syncroscopy located at the Florida State Collections of Arthropods. Terminology follows Balazuc (1948, 1969) and Ortuño and Hernández (1993).Results and DiscussionThe specimen exhibits a well-developed third holoptic eye, smaller than the normal eyes and located in the frons, close to right eye (Fig. 1). The size and shape of the head, and the antennal insertion appears to be typical, compared with other normal specimens. This malformation is a new case reported in Scarabaeoidea. Other different cases involving eye malformations in Coleoptera have been described for two species of Chrysomelidae. In Donacia bicolora Zschach, a case of cephalic hemiatrophy produced the complete reduction of the right eye (Balazuc 1948). Clark and Belo-Neto (2010) found a female of Pseudoluperus longulus (LeConte) from Utah (USA), with the head surface covered almost entirely by a single holoptic eye.  This finding in T. rufobrunneus raises the question of whether this compound eye is a functional structure. Researchers at Indiana University (USA), demonstrated that the down-regulation via RNAi of orthodenticle, a single head patterning gene, results in development of functional ectopic compound eyes at the middorsal adult head of five scarab species (Zattara et al. 2016, 2017). The RNA sequencing experiments were performed on Onthophagus taurus (Schreber), O. sagittarius (Fabricius), O. binodis (Thunberg), Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius) (all Onthophagini) and Liatongus militaris (Castelnau) (Oniticellini). According to the authors, the ommatidial organization of these induced structures reveals the presence of rudimentary ommatidial lenses, crystalline cones, and associated neural-like tissue. To establish the functionality, a light-aversion behavioral assay demonstrated that these ectopic compound eyes have the ability to respond to visual stimuli when wild-type eyes are surgically removed (Zattara et al. 2016, 2017). In all scarab species studied, these ectopic eyes are located in the middle of the head. This contrasts with the observed specimen of Trichiotinus Casey, where the third compound eye is not centrally located (Fig. 1b). According to the position of the third compound eye, its inner margin is somewhat in line with the lateral margin of the clypeus, similar to the position of the “normal” eye on the right side of the head. Moreover, the head is asymmetrical, the mouthparts are exposed and the “normal” eye on the right side is placed more lateral in regard to its regular position. Possibly, the appar-ent third compound eye is in fact a rudiment of the original right eye (Fig. 1c), which for an unknown reason stopped its development and a was replaced with a new one. Little is known about the natural history of T. rufobrunneus. This flower chafer has a limited dis-tribution in Florida and is likely restricted to oak scrub habitats (Hoffmann 1935; Philips et al. 2016). Adults have been reported as floral visitors or pollinators of the saw palmetto Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small (Arecaceae) (Deyrup and Deyrup 2012), Asimina obovata Nash (Annonaceae) (Gottsberger 2012) and Opuntia spp. (Cactaceae) (Eisner 2003). Larval feeding habits were not known until now. According to data label, the larvae of T. rufobrunneus fed and developed in rotting oak trunks. In some places in Florida, the populations are relatively abundant in the spring. When many Trichiotinus specimens are resting or when feeding on pollen within a flower, they take a position with the pygidium facing outward towards the flower’s opening, thus giving it the appearance of the head of a bee or wasp (Ratcliffe 1991; Eisner 2003).Insecta MundI 0680, December 2018 • 3TeraTological TrichioTinus rufobrunneusAcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to Howard Frank, Petr Šípek and William B. Warner for their constructive comments and suggestions, which helped us to improve the manuscript.Literature CitedAsiain, J., and J. Márquez. 2009. New teratological examples in Neotropical Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), with a compilation of previous teratological records. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80: 129–139.Balazuc, J. 1948. La tératologie des coléoptères et expériences de transplantation sur Tenebrio molitor L. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (N.S.) 25: 1–293.Balazuc, J. 1969. Supplément à la tératologie des coléoptères. Redia 51: 39–111.Castro-Tovar, A., M. Baena, and M. A. López Vergara. 2014. Nuevos casos de teratologías en Coleoptera (Insecta). Zoologica Baetica 25: 3–12.Cockayne, E. A. 1937. Insect teratology, reduplication of legs in Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 86: 191–200.Clark, S., and L. Belo-Neto. 2010. Remarkable teratological specimen of Pseudoluperus longulus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Utah, U.S.A. The Coleopterists Bulletin 64: 383–385.Deyrup, M., and L. Deyrup. 2012. The diversity of insects visiting flowers of saw palmetto (Arecaceae). Florida Entomologist 95(3): 711–730.Eisner, T. 2003. For Love of Insects. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; Cambridge, MA. 464 p.Ellis, H. W. 1915. Teratological specimens of Coleoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 17: XLVI.Frank, J. H. 1981. A review of teratology in Staphylinidae, with description of a teratological specimen of Tachinus axillaris Erichson (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Tachyporinae) from Florida. Florida Entomologist 64: 337–340.Gandhi, K. J. K., and D. Herms. 2008. Report on the largest known occurrence of morphological anomalies in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 62: 104–113.Gasca-Álvarez, H. J., C. Deloya, and P. Reyes-Castillo. 2017. Teratological cases in five species of Cotinis Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini), with a compilation of tera-tologies in Scarabaeoidea. The Coleopterist Bulletin 71(2): 329–338. Glasgow, R. D. 1925. A specimen of Melanoplus diffentialis Thomas with four ocelli. Psyche 32: 285–290.Gottsberger, G. 2012. How diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination? Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 169: 245–261.Hoffmann, C. H. 1935. The biology and taxonomy of the genus Trichiotinus (Scarabaeidae; Coleoptera). Entomologica Americana 15: l33–214. Mocquerys, S. 1880. Recueil de Coléoptères. Léon Deshays; Rouen, France. 142 p.Ortuño, V. M., and J. M. Hernández. 1993. Diversos casos teratológicos en Coleoptera. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 89: 163–179.Ortuño, V. M., and L. Peláez. 2004. Nuevos e interesantes casos de carábidos teratomorfos (Coleoptera, Adephaga, Carabidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 109: 251–256.Ortuño, V. M., and J. A. Ramos-Abúın. 2008. Reflexiones sobre la teratología y descripción de cuatro teratosis apendiculares en Coleoptera. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 43: 435–439.Palomar-Morales, M., G. Chirino-Galindo, C. Álvarez-Rodríguez, and M. G. Villanueva-Santiago. 2016. Embriología y teratología, manuales de animales en laboratorio. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; Mexico City, Mexico. 115 p.Philips, T. K., M. Callahan, J. Orozco, and N. Rowland. 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the North American beetle genus Trichiotinus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Trichiinae). Psyche 2016: 1–9.Ratcliffe, B. C. 1991. The scarab beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 12: 1–333.Savini, V., and D. Furth. 2004. Teratología en Coleoptera: un caso en Gioia bicolor (Blake 1969) (Chrysomelidae, Alticinae) de Jamaica. Entomotropica 19: 165–167.4 • Insecta MundI 0680, December 2018 Gasca-Álvarez et al.Verdugo A. 2013. A propósito de una hemimeria protorácica asociada a la ausencia de la pata protorá-cica izquierda en Iberodorcadion zenete Anichtchenko & Verdugo, 2004 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Dorcadionini). Revista Gaditana de Entomología 4(1):123–127.Verdugo, A., and A. Del Saz Fucho. 2012. A propósito de un caso de esquistomelia binaria hetero-dinámica de antena derecha en Iberodorcadion perezi (Graells, 1849) ssp. nudipenne (Escalera, 1908) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Dorcadionini). Revista Gaditana de Entomología 3(1–2): 11–16.Verdugo, A., and M. Toribio. 2015. Sobre un caso de malformación del tipo „duplicación del edeago“ en Acupalpus maculatus (Schaum, 1860) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae). Revista Gaditana de Entomología 6(1): 131–136. Verdugo, A., and M. Toribio. 2017. Un nuevo caso de malformación del tipo esquistomelia ternaria heterodinámica en Calathus (Calathus) fuscipes graecus Dejean, 1831 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platyninae). Revista Gaditana de Entomología 8(1): 39–42.Zattara, E. E., H. A. Busey, D. M. Linz, Y. Tomoyasu, and A. P. Moczek. 2016. Neofunctionalization of embryonic head patterning genes facilitates the positioning of novel traits on the dorsal head of adult beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283(1834): 1–8.Zattara, E. E., A. L. M. Macagno, H. A. Busey, and A. P. Moczek. 2017. Development of functional ectopic compound eyes in scarabaeid beetles by knockdown of orthodenticle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(45): 12021–12026. Received November 21, 2018; accepted November 30, 2018. Review editor Oliver Keller.Insecta MundI 0680, December 2018 • 5TeraTological TrichioTinus rufobrunneusFigure 1. Teratological Trichiotinus rufobrunneus (Casey). a) Habitus. b) Head. c) Detail of third eye.6 • Insecta MundI 0680, December 2018 Gasca-Álvarez et al.

A remarkable teratological specimen of
\u3ci\u3eTrichiotinus rufobrunneus\u3c/i\u3e (Casey)
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini)

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2185&amp;context=insectamundi

A remarkable teratological specimen of \u3ci\u3eTrichiotinus rufobrunneus\u3c/i\u3e (Casey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini)

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