The present thesis reports a follow-up study of the Groningen Perinatal Project. The aim was to study the effect of puberty on the prevalence of minor neurological dysfunction (MND) and on the association between MND and behavioural and
cognitive problems.  ...

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Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, Roelineke Jolanda

English

Dissertations of the University of Groningen

   University of GroningenPuberty and minor neurological dysfunctionSoorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, Roelineke JolandaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:1993Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, R. J. (1993). Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction: a follow-up studyof neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards. s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 12-10-2022SummaryThe present thesis reports a follow-up study of the Groningen Perinatal Project.The aim was to study the effect of puberty on the prevalence of minor neurologicaldysfunction (MND) and on the association between MND and behavioural andcognitive problems. To this end children who had been found to show MND at nineyears, were re-examined at 12 and 14 years, together with a control group ofnormal children. MND stands for the presence of signs of minor neurologicaldysfunction, such as fine manipulative disability, co-ordination problems, hypotoniaand choreiform dyskinesia.In Chapter I a literature review of neurological and/or behavioural develop-ment is given. It is shown that longitudinal studies, either starting perinatally or atschool age and continuing beyond the age of nine, do not mention (an effect of)puberty.Chapter 2 reports neurological findings at 12 years. It appeared that till theonset of puberty, defined as the presence of three or more physical puberty signs,the incidence of MND increased. This was especially the case in boys with neonatalneurological abnormalit ies.In Chapter 3 it is shown that in children who had entered puberty at 12 years,the incidence of MND decreases. The decrease of minor neurological signs isrelated to puberty rather than to the concurrent age increase: gids improved moreoften than boys. This could be explained by the fact that more girls than boys havebegun puberry at 12 years.Chapter 4 presents behavioural and cognitive correlates of MND at 12 years, inparticular before puberty. We distinguished four types of MND based on theirneurological symptomatology. Fine manipulative disability was associated with bothbehavioural and cognitive problems, co-ordination difhculties with cognitiveproblems, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were not clearly related to either.In Chapter 5 neurological findrngs at 14 years are reported. At this age thelarge majority of children had entered puberty. No new cases of MND haddeveloped. The hypothesis that puberty is related to a decrease of MND could beconfirmed for both sexes. MND which persisted was related to neonatalneurological abnormalities and lower social class. Apparently, not every MND canbe 'repaired' by the changes which accompany puberty.In Chapter 6 neurobehavioural relationships at 14 years are discussed. Theybecame more explicit after the onset of puberty. Fine manipulative disability wasrelated to behavioural and cognitive difficulties, co-ordination problems to leamingdifficulties, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were related to attentiondifficulties and schoolfailure, notwithstanding normal IQ. The children with MND87at 12 yeaÍs who had normalized did not show more behavioural or cognitiveproblems than the control children.In Chapter 7 a special behavioural problem, nocturnal enuresis (NE) is high-lighted. Children with MND at 12 years showed more often NE than childrenwithout MND. We suggest that MND is one factor in the deficient attainment ofbladder control.Finally, in Chapter 8 we postulate that during puberty, a transformation of thecentral nervous system (CNS) takes place. The possible causes of this trans-formation are discussed. We conclude that gonadal hormones and especiallyoestrogens, play a role. A strong argument is the concurrence of the changes inneurological (dys)function on the one hand, and on the other hand, the appe:uÍrnceof three or more physical signs of puberty, which are directly related to hormonalchanges. The fact that wo-thirds of the children with MND and behaviouraldisorders outgrow the problems during puberfy, can be of great help for parents,teachers and the children themselves.The final conclusion is that any longitudinal study of brain function whichincludes the age of puberty, should keep in mind the specihc effects of puberty onneurological (dys)fu nction.88

Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction:a follow-up study of neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards

University of Groningen

   University of GroningenPuberty and minor neurological dysfunctionSoorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, Roelineke JolandaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:1993Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, R. J. (1993). Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction: a follow-up studyof neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards. Groningen: s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 12-11-2019SummaryThe present thesis reports a follow-up study of the Groningen Perinatal Project.The aim was to study the effect of puberty on the prevalence of minor neurologicaldysfunction (MND) and on the association between MND and behavioural andcognitive problems. To this end children who had been found to show MND at nineyears, were re-examined at 12 and 14 years, together with a control group ofnormal children. MND stands for the presence of signs of minor neurologicaldysfunction, such as fine manipulative disability, co-ordination problems, hypotoniaand choreiform dyskinesia.In Chapter I a literature review of neurological and/or behavioural develop-ment is given. It is shown that longitudinal studies, either starting perinatally or atschool age and continuing beyond the age of nine, do not mention (an effect of)puberty.Chapter 2 reports neurological findings at 12 years. It appeared that till theonset of puberty, defined as the presence of three or more physical puberty signs,the incidence of MND increased. This was especially the case in boys with neonatalneurological abnormalit ies.In Chapter 3 it is shown that in children who had entered puberty at 12 years,the incidence of MND decreases. The decrease of minor neurological signs isrelated to puberty rather than to the concurrent age increase: gids improved moreoften than boys. This could be explained by the fact that more girls than boys havebegun puberry at 12 years.Chapter 4 presents behavioural and cognitive correlates of MND at 12 years, inparticular before puberty. We distinguished four types of MND based on theirneurological symptomatology. Fine manipulative disability was associated with bothbehavioural and cognitive problems, co-ordination difhculties with cognitiveproblems, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were not clearly related to either.In Chapter 5 neurological findrngs at 14 years are reported. At this age thelarge majority of children had entered puberty. No new cases of MND haddeveloped. The hypothesis that puberty is related to a decrease of MND could beconfirmed for both sexes. MND which persisted was related to neonatalneurological abnormalities and lower social class. Apparently, not every MND canbe 'repaired' by the changes which accompany puberty.In Chapter 6 neurobehavioural relationships at 14 years are discussed. Theybecame more explicit after the onset of puberty. Fine manipulative disability wasrelated to behavioural and cognitive difficulties, co-ordination problems to leamingdifficulties, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were related to attentiondifficulties and schoolfailure, notwithstanding normal IQ. The children with MND87at 12 yeaÍs who had normalized did not show more behavioural or cognitiveproblems than the control children.In Chapter 7 a special behavioural problem, nocturnal enuresis (NE) is high-lighted. Children with MND at 12 years showed more often NE than childrenwithout MND. We suggest that MND is one factor in the deficient attainment ofbladder control.Finally, in Chapter 8 we postulate that during puberty, a transformation of thecentral nervous system (CNS) takes place. The possible causes of this trans-formation are discussed. We conclude that gonadal hormones and especiallyoestrogens, play a role. A strong argument is the concurrence of the changes inneurological (dys)function on the one hand, and on the other hand, the appe:uÍrnceof three or more physical signs of puberty, which are directly related to hormonalchanges. The fact that wo-thirds of the children with MND and behaviouraldisorders outgrow the problems during puberfy, can be of great help for parents,teachers and the children themselves.The final conclusion is that any longitudinal study of brain function whichincludes the age of puberty, should keep in mind the specihc effects of puberty onneurological (dys)fu nction.88

Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, Roelineke Jolanda,

University of Groningen Digital Archive

Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction : a follow-up study of neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards

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Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction: a follow-up study of neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

   University of GroningenPuberty and minor neurological dysfunctionSoorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, Roelineke JolandaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:1993Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, R. J. (1993). Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction: a follow-up studyof neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards. s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 21-06-2022SummaryThe present thesis reports a follow-up study of the Groningen Perinatal Project.The aim was to study the effect of puberty on the prevalence of minor neurologicaldysfunction (MND) and on the association between MND and behavioural andcognitive problems. To this end children who had been found to show MND at nineyears, were re-examined at 12 and 14 years, together with a control group ofnormal children. MND stands for the presence of signs of minor neurologicaldysfunction, such as fine manipulative disability, co-ordination problems, hypotoniaand choreiform dyskinesia.In Chapter I a literature review of neurological and/or behavioural develop-ment is given. It is shown that longitudinal studies, either starting perinatally or atschool age and continuing beyond the age of nine, do not mention (an effect of)puberty.Chapter 2 reports neurological findings at 12 years. It appeared that till theonset of puberty, defined as the presence of three or more physical puberty signs,the incidence of MND increased. This was especially the case in boys with neonatalneurological abnormalit ies.In Chapter 3 it is shown that in children who had entered puberty at 12 years,the incidence of MND decreases. The decrease of minor neurological signs isrelated to puberty rather than to the concurrent age increase: gids improved moreoften than boys. This could be explained by the fact that more girls than boys havebegun puberry at 12 years.Chapter 4 presents behavioural and cognitive correlates of MND at 12 years, inparticular before puberty. We distinguished four types of MND based on theirneurological symptomatology. Fine manipulative disability was associated with bothbehavioural and cognitive problems, co-ordination difhculties with cognitiveproblems, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were not clearly related to either.In Chapter 5 neurological findrngs at 14 years are reported. At this age thelarge majority of children had entered puberty. No new cases of MND haddeveloped. The hypothesis that puberty is related to a decrease of MND could beconfirmed for both sexes. MND which persisted was related to neonatalneurological abnormalities and lower social class. Apparently, not every MND canbe 'repaired' by the changes which accompany puberty.In Chapter 6 neurobehavioural relationships at 14 years are discussed. Theybecame more explicit after the onset of puberty. Fine manipulative disability wasrelated to behavioural and cognitive difficulties, co-ordination problems to leamingdifficulties, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were related to attentiondifficulties and schoolfailure, notwithstanding normal IQ. The children with MND87at 12 yeaÍs who had normalized did not show more behavioural or cognitiveproblems than the control children.In Chapter 7 a special behavioural problem, nocturnal enuresis (NE) is high-lighted. Children with MND at 12 years showed more often NE than childrenwithout MND. We suggest that MND is one factor in the deficient attainment ofbladder control.Finally, in Chapter 8 we postulate that during puberty, a transformation of thecentral nervous system (CNS) takes place. The possible causes of this trans-formation are discussed. We conclude that gonadal hormones and especiallyoestrogens, play a role. A strong argument is the concurrence of the changes inneurological (dys)function on the one hand, and on the other hand, the appe:uÍrnceof three or more physical signs of puberty, which are directly related to hormonalchanges. The fact that wo-thirds of the children with MND and behaviouraldisorders outgrow the problems during puberfy, can be of great help for parents,teachers and the children themselves.The final conclusion is that any longitudinal study of brain function whichincludes the age of puberty, should keep in mind the specihc effects of puberty onneurological (dys)fu nction.88

   University of GroningenPuberty and minor neurological dysfunctionSoorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, Roelineke JolandaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:1993Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, R. J. (1993). Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction: a follow-up studyof neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards. s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 30-10-2023SummaryThe present thesis reports a follow-up study of the Groningen Perinatal Project.The aim was to study the effect of puberty on the prevalence of minor neurologicaldysfunction (MND) and on the association between MND and behavioural andcognitive problems. To this end children who had been found to show MND at nineyears, were re-examined at 12 and 14 years, together with a control group ofnormal children. MND stands for the presence of signs of minor neurologicaldysfunction, such as fine manipulative disability, co-ordination problems, hypotoniaand choreiform dyskinesia.In Chapter I a literature review of neurological and/or behavioural develop-ment is given. It is shown that longitudinal studies, either starting perinatally or atschool age and continuing beyond the age of nine, do not mention (an effect of)puberty.Chapter 2 reports neurological findings at 12 years. It appeared that till theonset of puberty, defined as the presence of three or more physical puberty signs,the incidence of MND increased. This was especially the case in boys with neonatalneurological abnormalit ies.In Chapter 3 it is shown that in children who had entered puberty at 12 years,the incidence of MND decreases. The decrease of minor neurological signs isrelated to puberty rather than to the concurrent age increase: gids improved moreoften than boys. This could be explained by the fact that more girls than boys havebegun puberry at 12 years.Chapter 4 presents behavioural and cognitive correlates of MND at 12 years, inparticular before puberty. We distinguished four types of MND based on theirneurological symptomatology. Fine manipulative disability was associated with bothbehavioural and cognitive problems, co-ordination difhculties with cognitiveproblems, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were not clearly related to either.In Chapter 5 neurological findrngs at 14 years are reported. At this age thelarge majority of children had entered puberty. No new cases of MND haddeveloped. The hypothesis that puberty is related to a decrease of MND could beconfirmed for both sexes. MND which persisted was related to neonatalneurological abnormalities and lower social class. Apparently, not every MND canbe 'repaired' by the changes which accompany puberty.In Chapter 6 neurobehavioural relationships at 14 years are discussed. Theybecame more explicit after the onset of puberty. Fine manipulative disability wasrelated to behavioural and cognitive difficulties, co-ordination problems to leamingdifficulties, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were related to attentiondifficulties and schoolfailure, notwithstanding normal IQ. The children with MND87at 12 yeaÍs who had normalized did not show more behavioural or cognitiveproblems than the control children.In Chapter 7 a special behavioural problem, nocturnal enuresis (NE) is high-lighted. Children with MND at 12 years showed more often NE than childrenwithout MND. We suggest that MND is one factor in the deficient attainment ofbladder control.Finally, in Chapter 8 we postulate that during puberty, a transformation of thecentral nervous system (CNS) takes place. The possible causes of this trans-formation are discussed. We conclude that gonadal hormones and especiallyoestrogens, play a role. A strong argument is the concurrence of the changes inneurological (dys)function on the one hand, and on the other hand, the appe:uÍrnceof three or more physical signs of puberty, which are directly related to hormonalchanges. The fact that wo-thirds of the children with MND and behaviouraldisorders outgrow the problems during puberfy, can be of great help for parents,teachers and the children themselves.The final conclusion is that any longitudinal study of brain function whichincludes the age of puberty, should keep in mind the specihc effects of puberty onneurological (dys)fu nction.88

Proceedings - University of Groningen

   University of GroningenPuberty and minor neurological dysfunctionSoorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, Roelineke JolandaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:1993Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, R. J. (1993). Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction: a follow-up studyof neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards. s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 09-09-2023SummaryThe present thesis reports a follow-up study of the Groningen Perinatal Project.The aim was to study the effect of puberty on the prevalence of minor neurologicaldysfunction (MND) and on the association between MND and behavioural andcognitive problems. To this end children who had been found to show MND at nineyears, were re-examined at 12 and 14 years, together with a control group ofnormal children. MND stands for the presence of signs of minor neurologicaldysfunction, such as fine manipulative disability, co-ordination problems, hypotoniaand choreiform dyskinesia.In Chapter I a literature review of neurological and/or behavioural develop-ment is given. It is shown that longitudinal studies, either starting perinatally or atschool age and continuing beyond the age of nine, do not mention (an effect of)puberty.Chapter 2 reports neurological findings at 12 years. It appeared that till theonset of puberty, defined as the presence of three or more physical puberty signs,the incidence of MND increased. This was especially the case in boys with neonatalneurological abnormalit ies.In Chapter 3 it is shown that in children who had entered puberty at 12 years,the incidence of MND decreases. The decrease of minor neurological signs isrelated to puberty rather than to the concurrent age increase: gids improved moreoften than boys. This could be explained by the fact that more girls than boys havebegun puberry at 12 years.Chapter 4 presents behavioural and cognitive correlates of MND at 12 years, inparticular before puberty. We distinguished four types of MND based on theirneurological symptomatology. Fine manipulative disability was associated with bothbehavioural and cognitive problems, co-ordination difhculties with cognitiveproblems, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were not clearly related to either.In Chapter 5 neurological findrngs at 14 years are reported. At this age thelarge majority of children had entered puberty. No new cases of MND haddeveloped. The hypothesis that puberty is related to a decrease of MND could beconfirmed for both sexes. MND which persisted was related to neonatalneurological abnormalities and lower social class. Apparently, not every MND canbe 'repaired' by the changes which accompany puberty.In Chapter 6 neurobehavioural relationships at 14 years are discussed. Theybecame more explicit after the onset of puberty. Fine manipulative disability wasrelated to behavioural and cognitive difficulties, co-ordination problems to leamingdifficulties, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were related to attentiondifficulties and schoolfailure, notwithstanding normal IQ. The children with MND87at 12 yeaÍs who had normalized did not show more behavioural or cognitiveproblems than the control children.In Chapter 7 a special behavioural problem, nocturnal enuresis (NE) is high-lighted. Children with MND at 12 years showed more often NE than childrenwithout MND. We suggest that MND is one factor in the deficient attainment ofbladder control.Finally, in Chapter 8 we postulate that during puberty, a transformation of thecentral nervous system (CNS) takes place. The possible causes of this trans-formation are discussed. We conclude that gonadal hormones and especiallyoestrogens, play a role. A strong argument is the concurrence of the changes inneurological (dys)function on the one hand, and on the other hand, the appe:uÍrnceof three or more physical signs of puberty, which are directly related to hormonalchanges. The fact that wo-thirds of the children with MND and behaviouraldisorders outgrow the problems during puberfy, can be of great help for parents,teachers and the children themselves.The final conclusion is that any longitudinal study of brain function whichincludes the age of puberty, should keep in mind the specihc effects of puberty onneurological (dys)fu nction.88

University of Groningen Research Database

  
 University of Groningen
Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction
Lunsing, R.J.
IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from
it. Please check the document version below.
Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Publication date:
1993
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Soorani Yancheshmeh-Lunsing, R. J. (1993). Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction: a follow-up study
of neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards Groningen: s.n.
Copyright
Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the
author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).
Take-down policy
If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately
and investigate your claim.
Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the
number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
Download date: 11-02-2018
Summary
The present thesis reports a follow-up study of the Groningen Perinatal Project.
The aim was to study the effect of puberty on the prevalence of minor neurological
dysfunction (MND) and on the association between MND and behavioural and
cognitive problems. To this end children who had been found to show MND at nine
years, were re-examined at 12 and 14 years, together with a control group of
normal children. MND stands for the presence of signs of minor neurological
dysfunction, such as fine manipulative disability, co-ordination problems, hypotonia
and choreiform dyskinesia.
In Chapter I a literature review of neurological and/or behavioural develop-
ment is given. It is shown that longitudinal studies, either starting perinatally or at
school age and continuing beyond the age of nine, do not mention (an effect of)
puberty.
Chapter 2 reports neurological findings at 12 years. It appeared that till the
onset of puberty, defined as the presence of three or more physical puberty signs,
the incidence of MND increased. This was especially the case in boys with neonatal
neurological abnormalit ies.
In Chapter 3 it is shown that in children who had entered puberty at 12 years,
the incidence of MND decreases. The decrease of minor neurological signs is
related to puberty rather than to the concurrent age increase: gids improved more
often than boys. This could be explained by the fact that more girls than boys have
begun puberry at 12 years.
Chapter 4 presents behavioural and cognitive correlates of MND at 12 years, in
particular before puberty. We distinguished four types of MND based on their
neurological symptomatology. Fine manipulative disability was associated with both
behavioural and cognitive problems, co-ordination difhculties with cognitive
problems, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were not clearly related to either.
In Chapter 5 neurological findrngs at 14 years are reported. At this age the
large majority of children had entered puberty. No new cases of MND had
developed. The hypothesis that puberty is related to a decrease of MND could be
confirmed for both sexes. MND which persisted was related to neonatal
neurological abnormalities and lower social class. Apparently, not every MND can
be 'repaired' by the changes which accompany puberty.
In Chapter 6 neurobehavioural relationships at 14 years are discussed. They
became more explicit after the onset of puberty. Fine manipulative disability was
related to behavioural and cognitive difficulties, co-ordination problems to leaming
difficulties, choreiform dyskinesia and hypotonia were related to attention
difficulties and schoolfailure, notwithstanding normal IQ. The children with MND
87
at 12 yeaÍs who had normalized did not show more behavioural or cognitive
problems than the control children.
In Chapter 7 a special behavioural problem, nocturnal enuresis (NE) is high-
lighted. Children with MND at 12 years showed more often NE than children
without MND. We suggest that MND is one factor in the deficient attainment of
bladder control.
Finally, in Chapter 8 we postulate that during puberty, a transformation of the
central nervous system (CNS) takes place. The possible causes of this trans-
formation are discussed. We conclude that gonadal hormones and especially
oestrogens, play a role. A strong argument is the concurrence of the changes in
neurological (dys)function on the one hand, and on the other hand, the appe:uÍrnce
of three or more physical signs of puberty, which are directly related to hormonal
changes. The fact that wo-thirds of the children with MND and behavioural
disorders outgrow the problems during puberfy, can be of great help for parents,
teachers and the children themselves.
The final conclusion is that any longitudinal study of brain function which
includes the age of puberty, should keep in mind the specihc effects of puberty on
neurological (dys)fu nction.
88


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Puberty and minor neurological dysfunction:a follow-up study of neurobehavioural relationships from birth onwards

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