A dissertation submitted to the faculty of humanities, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MMUS. Johannesburg 2017In this study I have investigated Malcolm Braff’s rhythmic approach and particularly
his application of this approach for improvisation and composition. The Brazilian
born, partially West African raised, now European Braff is shown to be a product of
jazz and freely improvised music of Europe, and equally, a product of church music,
progressive rock of the 1970’s and the Western classical canon, with influences from
West African traditional music and Indian classical music. Much of Braff’s motivation
for his methods of creating music is spiritual and philosophical. I have interrogated
his musical theories, many of which stem from his spiritual philosophies. Additionally
this study describes the necessary settings, musical and otherwise, for the creation
of Braff’s music.
For the majority of this study Braff’s rhythmic approach and the application thereof
have been scrutinized through current rhythm theory, particularly with regard to
rhythmic cognition, in an effort to understand Braff’s theories and descriptions of
practise in accordance with what is currently understood in the field of rhythm.
Through careful consideration of Braff’s work through the lenses of rhythm theorists,
London (2012), Iyer (2002, 2004) and Gordon (2009) in particular, by looking at
Braff’s recordings and his explanations, I determined that his claims seem plausible,
even probable. Furthermore his approach to training rhythmic audiation, advanced
and otherwise, and for stretching the audiational connection between metric and
tonal audiation also appear valid and useful for training musicians that wish to
further their own abilities.
In addition this research revealed that Braff’s approach seems to require audiation
of a meter not currently defined as such in current theory. I have defined such
meters as metric-bridges since they connect two generally unrelated meters, but act
as a meter themselves. The metric-bridge phenomenon is a possible way to describe
commonly described ‘swung eighths’ in jazz, altered triplets in West African music,
or Brazilian sixteenths cognitively, practically and theoretically. The study
investigates how Braff has utilized these metric-bridges in his own compositions and
how he often improvises while audiating these meters. Since this kind of audiation is
not clearly defined in current rhythm theory, I have proposed some additional
considerations with regard to the audiation of these meters, in the hope of aiding
further study.
Lastly, this study investigates how Braff describes and utilizes the more advanced
rhythmic devices in both his improvisations and compositions. These devices include
the use of quintuplets, sextuplets, septuplets, specific Braffian rhythm patterns,
rhythmic displacement, metric modulation, metric transfiguration, and musical
algorithm.MC201
