Baeken, Chris

Dockx, Robrecht

Peremans, Kathelijne

Polis, Ingeborgh

Saunders, Jimmy

Smolders, Ilse

Van Eeckhaut, Ann

Vlerick, Lise

Ghent University Academic Bibliography

TMS improves anxious aggressive behaviour in dogs: a case study  Dockx, Robrecht1 Peremans, Kathelijne2;  Smolders, Ilse3; Van Eeckhaut, Ann3; Vlerick, Lise4;  Polis, Ingeborgh4;  Saunders, Jimmy H2;  Baeken, Chris1  1Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium 2Department of Veterinary medical imaging and small animal orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium. 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.  4Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium.    Background: Accelerated high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (aHF-rTMS) has proven to produce fast clinical effects in humans suffering from psychiatric illnesses. Although dogs also frequently present behavioural symptoms similar to mental illness, nothing is known about the clinical influence in this species. A 5-year-old neutered male Belgian shepherd dog was presented with anxious aggressive behaviour.   Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that an aHF-rTMS treatment over the frontal cortex would improve the dogs’ behaviour and alter its regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and monoamines.  Methodology: An aHF-rTMS protocol was applied twice (3 weeks separated) over the left frontal cortex (5 sessions, 20Hz, 110% CMT). Each protocol was preceded and followed by a behaviour assessment and a [99mTc]HMPAO-SPECT scan. A Z-score for each VOI at each time point was obtained, a |Z|-score > 3.09 (P-value of 0.001) indicated significant differences. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum was analysed for the detection of monoamines.  Results: An improvement of the dogs’ aggressive behaviour was detected. At baseline, only a decreased rCBF of the left frontal cortex was noticeable (Z-score = -3.87). Twenty-four hours after the first protocol, the perfusion in the left frontal cortex was normalized but decreased in subcortical region (Z-score = -6.97). Twenty-four hours after the second protocol, only the subcortical region was hypo-perfused (Z-score = -6.88). Three weeks after each stimulation protocol, no deviations in the rCBF were found. Parallel changes (over time) of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations in the serum and CSF were present (table 1).  Conclusion: This case study demonstrates that a single day aHF-rTMS treatment reduces a dogs' anxious/aggressive behaviour. This was accompanied by immediate and long-lasting alterations in the rCBF and DOPAC concentration. Thereby, this study confirms the interaction between the frontal cortex and the subcortical region in behaviour in dogs and puts DOPAC forward as possible biomarker.   Monoamines Baseline  1st protocol 24 hours 1st protocol 3 weeks 2nd protocol 24 hours 2nd protocol 3 weeks  Serum         NAD 3.62 4.55 4.16 4.01 6.23 AD 11.50 8.81 14,20 10.31 26.96 DA Na Na Na Na Na DOPAC 26.39 122.41 33.067 92.76 27.90 HVA 30.63 42.86 24.72 24.69 29.79 5-HT 21.59 18.62 29.97 25.23 25.17 5-HIAA Na Na Na Na Na CSF      NAD 1.45 1.63 1.54 1.23 Na AD 2.00 1.99 2.06 1.93 Na DA Na Na Na Na Na DOPAC 0.16 0.49 0.25 0.87 Na HVA 12.57 19.40 12.70 11.31 Na 5-HT Na Na Na Na Na 5-HIAA 2.20 3.70 2.35 2.49 Na Table	1:	Concentrations	(ng/100	µl)	of	7	monoamines	measured	with	HPLC.	NAD		=	Norepinephrine;	AD	=	Epinephrine;	DOPAC	=	3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic	acid;	HVA	=	Homovanillic	acid;	5-HT	=	Serotonin;	5-HIAA	=	5-Hydroxyindoleacetic	acid;	Na	=	missing	data.	

TMS improves anxious aggressive behaviour in dogs : a case study

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8587903/file/8587961.pdf

TMS improves anxious aggressive behaviour in dogs : a case study

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