De kracht tussen twee elektrisch geladen objecten, bekend als de Coulomb-kracht, is evenredig met hun ladingen en omgekeerd evenredig met het kwadraat van de
onderlinge afstand. Deze kracht kan goed worden beschreven door de uitwisseling van een massaloos deeltje, het foton. De Coulomb-kracht is afstotend voor deeltjes met gelijke lading, zoals de protonen in atoomkernen. Daarom zou men naïef kunnen verwachten dat protonen niet tot kernen gebonden kunnen blijven. De reden dat protonen, of algemener nucleonen (protonen en neutronen), toch kernen kunnen
vormen is vanwege het bestaan van een tweede kracht, de zogenaamde sterke kernkracht. Deze kracht is veel sterker dan de Coulomb-kracht en is het gevolg van de sterke wisselwerking tussen de meest elementaire bouwstenen van nucleonen, namelijk quarks en gluonen. ...

Zie: Samenvatting

Eslami-Kalantari, Mohammad,

University of Groningen Digital Archive

Three-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at 135 MeV

Eslami-Kalantari, Mohammad

University of Groningen Research Database

  
 University of Groningen
Three-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at 135 MeV
Eslami-Kalantari, Mohammad
IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from
it. Please check the document version below.
Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Publication date:
2009
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Eslami-Kalantari, M. (2009). Three-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at
135 MeV Groningen: s.n.
Copyright
Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the
author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).
Take-down policy
If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately
and investigate your claim.
Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the
number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
Download date: 11-02-2018
RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN
Three-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron
break-up studied with BINA at 135 MeV
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de
Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen
aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
op gezag van de
Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts,
in het openbaar te verdedigen op
maandag 21 september 2009
om 16.15 uur
door
Mohammad Eslami-Kalantari
geboren op 31 mei 1969
te Teheran, Iran
Promotor: Prof. dr. N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki
Copromotor: Dr. J. G. Messchendorp
Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. T. B. Clegg
Prof. dr. M. N. Harakeh
Prof. dr. U. van Kolck
Druk: Facilitairbedrijf, RuG, Groningen, september 2009.
To my dear wife, Mehri
and my dear children,
Amir-Reza and Fatemeh
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The two-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 The three-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Theoretical aspects of the break-up reaction 9
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 The nucleon-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Three-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1 Tucson-Melbourne potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 Urbana-Illinois potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.3 Hannover-Lisbon potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.4 Chiral perturbation theory (χPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Faddeev equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 Observables in the break-up reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Experimental setup 27
3.1 POLarized Ion Source (POLIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 AGOR and the beam lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 The In-Beam Polarimeter (IBP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Lamb-Shift Polarimeter (LSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5 BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5.1 Mechanical components of BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5.2 Data acquisition of BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4 Analysis of the ~p+ d break-up reaction 51
4.1 Break-up kinematics and the S-curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2 Energy calibration of the E detectors using the break-up reaction . . 51
4.3 Inefficiency caused by hadronic interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4 The geometrical inefficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.5 The MWPC efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.6 Beam-current determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.7 Background analysis for the break-up reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
v
vi CONTENTS
4.8 Calculation of the break-up cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.9 Calculation of the analyzing power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5 Results and discussion 71
5.1 Results of the ~p+ d break-up reaction for selected kinematics . . . . . 71
5.2 Systematic comparison between the data and theoretical calculations 83
5.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6 Summary and conclusions 95
Bibliography 99
Samenvatting 105


ARTS repository - University of Groningen

   University of GroningenThree-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at 135 MeVEslami-Kalantari, MohammadIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2009Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Eslami-Kalantari, M. (2009). Three-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at135 MeV. s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 07-06-2022RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGENThree-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteronbreak-up studied with BINA at 135 MeVProefschriftter verkrijging van het doctoraat in deWiskunde en Natuurwetenschappenaan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningenop gezag van deRector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts,in het openbaar te verdedigen opmaandag 21 september 2009om 16.15 uurdoorMohammad Eslami-Kalantarigeboren op 31 mei 1969te Teheran, IranPromotor: Prof. dr. N. Kalantar-NayestanakiCopromotor: Dr. J. G. MesschendorpBeoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. T. B. CleggProf. dr. M. N. HarakehProf. dr. U. van KolckDruk: Facilitairbedrijf, RuG, Groningen, september 2009.To my dear wife, Mehriand my dear children,Amir-Reza and FatemehContents1 Introduction 11.1 The two-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 The three-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Theoretical aspects of the break-up reaction 92.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2 The nucleon-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.3 Three-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3.1 Tucson-Melbourne potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.2 Urbana-Illinois potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.3 Hannover-Lisbon potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.4 Chiral perturbation theory (χPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4 Faddeev equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.5 Observables in the break-up reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Experimental setup 273.1 POLarized Ion Source (POLIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.2 AGOR and the beam lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.3 The In-Beam Polarimeter (IBP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.4 Lamb-Shift Polarimeter (LSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.5 BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.5.1 Mechanical components of BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.5.2 Data acquisition of BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Analysis of the ~p+ d break-up reaction 514.1 Break-up kinematics and the S-curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.2 Energy calibration of the E detectors using the break-up reaction . . 514.3 Inefficiency caused by hadronic interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.4 The geometrical inefficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.5 The MWPC efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564.6 Beam-current determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.7 Background analysis for the break-up reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60vvi CONTENTS4.8 Calculation of the break-up cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.9 Calculation of the analyzing power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 Results and discussion 715.1 Results of the ~p+ d break-up reaction for selected kinematics . . . . . 715.2 Systematic comparison between the data and theoretical calculations 835.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Summary and conclusions 95Bibliography 99Samenvatting 105

English

   University of GroningenThree-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at 135 MeVEslami-Kalantari, MohammadIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2009Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Eslami-Kalantari, M. (2009). Three-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at135 MeV. s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 30-10-2023RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGENThree-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteronbreak-up studied with BINA at 135 MeVProefschriftter verkrijging van het doctoraat in deWiskunde en Natuurwetenschappenaan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningenop gezag van deRector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts,in het openbaar te verdedigen opmaandag 21 september 2009om 16.15 uurdoorMohammad Eslami-Kalantarigeboren op 31 mei 1969te Teheran, IranPromotor: Prof. dr. N. Kalantar-NayestanakiCopromotor: Dr. J. G. MesschendorpBeoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. T. B. CleggProf. dr. M. N. HarakehProf. dr. U. van KolckDruk: Facilitairbedrijf, RuG, Groningen, september 2009.To my dear wife, Mehriand my dear children,Amir-Reza and FatemehContents1 Introduction 11.1 The two-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 The three-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Theoretical aspects of the break-up reaction 92.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2 The nucleon-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.3 Three-nucleon force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3.1 Tucson-Melbourne potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.2 Urbana-Illinois potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.3 Hannover-Lisbon potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.4 Chiral perturbation theory (χPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4 Faddeev equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.5 Observables in the break-up reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Experimental setup 273.1 POLarized Ion Source (POLIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.2 AGOR and the beam lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.3 The In-Beam Polarimeter (IBP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.4 Lamb-Shift Polarimeter (LSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.5 BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.5.1 Mechanical components of BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.5.2 Data acquisition of BINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Analysis of the ~p+ d break-up reaction 514.1 Break-up kinematics and the S-curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.2 Energy calibration of the E detectors using the break-up reaction . . 514.3 Inefficiency caused by hadronic interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.4 The geometrical inefficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.5 The MWPC efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564.6 Beam-current determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.7 Background analysis for the break-up reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60vvi CONTENTS4.8 Calculation of the break-up cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.9 Calculation of the analyzing power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 Results and discussion 715.1 Results of the ~p+ d break-up reaction for selected kinematics . . . . . 715.2 Systematic comparison between the data and theoretical calculations 835.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Summary and conclusions 95Bibliography 99Samenvatting 105

Three-nucleon force effects in proton-deuteron break-up studied with BINA at 135 MeV

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

University of Groningen Digital Archive

University of Groningen Research Database

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

University of Groningen

NARCIS