A Dreiseitl

Aneta Koroluk

C Silvar

H Thomas

HD Hoppe

IT Jones

J Sebesta

J Yu

JD Hayes

Krzysztof Kowalczyk

M Herrmann

Maria Chrząstek

N Kaur

S Okoń

SLK Hsam

Sylwia Magdalena Okoń

T Aung

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Identification of new sources of resistance to powdery mildewin oatSylwia Magdalena Okoń & Maria Chrząstek &Krzysztof Kowalczyk & Aneta KorolukAccepted: 16 December 2013 /Published online: 8 January 2014# The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.comAbstract Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminisDC. f. sp. avenae Em. Marchal. is a deleterious foliardisease of common oat which occurs in many parts ofthe world. Resistance existing in oat cultivars is brokendown by new races of this pathogen and because of thisfact there is necessity to look for new and effective sourcesof resistance to powdery mildew in oat. To identify newpotential resistance sources to powdery mildew, a total of67 oat genotypes from five different species Avena sterilis,A. fatua, A. sativa, A. maroccana and A. murphyi and 20powdery mildew isolates were investigated for diseasereactions. Among tested oat accessions the highest levelof resistance was associated with A. maroccana geno-types. Genotypes belonging to species of A. murphi andA. sterilis also showed a good level of resistance. Identifiedgenotypes could be used in oat breeding programmes toimprove levels of resistance to powdery mildew.Keywords Avena . Host-pathogen tests . PowderymildewPowdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis is adeleterious foliar disease of cereals, including oats(Hsam et al. 1997; Dreiseitl and Wang 2007; Kauret al. 2008; Silvar et al. 2013). Breeding of resistantcultivars is one of the most economical and environ-mentally friendly methods to control this pathogen.Genomic regions responsible for the resistance to pow-dery mildew in oat are known as OatMildew Resistance(OMR) groups (Jones and Jones 1979). Until now, fiveOMR groups have been described in oat, but there areonly a few cultivars that possess powdery mildew resis-tant genes (Hsam et al. 1997; Kowalczyk et al. 2004;Okoń 2012). Resistance to powdery mildew is decreas-ing due to the emergence of new strains of this patho-gen, thus there is a need to search for novel and effectivesources of resistance to powdery mildew in oat (Hsamet al. 1997). The aim of the present study was to identifyand characterize new sources of resistance to powderymildew in wild and cultivated species of oat.The material for this study consisted of 67 oat geno-types belonging to five different species: Avena sterilis,Avena fatua, Avena sativa (Table 1), Avena maroccana,and Avena murphyi (Table 2). Oat accessions were pro-vided by genebanks: Genebank Gatersleben (Germany),Plant Gene Resources of Canada (Saskatoon, Canada),National Germplasm Resources Laboratory’s (Beltsville,USA), and IHAR (Poland).Host-pathogen tests were carried out according to themethod described by Okoń and Kowalczyk (2012). Thethreemost virulent isolates of powderymildewwere usedfor resistance tests. As a control, cultivars and line withdocumented OMR groups were used: Bruno (OMR1),Jumbo (OMR2), Mostyn (OMR3), AV1860 (OMR4),and Fuchs susceptible to powdery mildew. Control plantmaterials were kindly supplied by Sai L.K. Hsam fromthe Technical University Munich, Germany.Eur J Plant Pathol (2014) 139:9–12DOI 10.1007/s10658-013-0367-4S. M. Okoń (*) :M. Chrząstek :K. Kowalczyk :A. KorolukInstitute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology,University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Polande-mail: sylwia.okon@up.lublin.plA total of 20 isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp.avenae were tested for their responses to oat cultivarsand lines with documented OMR groups (Table 3).Among tested isolates, three (M22, M31, M39) werechosen to screen different species of genus Avena L. andto search for new potential sources of resistance topowdery mildew. The experiment conducted in the cur-rent work showed that the resistance conditioned byOMR1, OMR2 and OMR3 genes was broken downunder Polish condition. None of the 20 isolates wasavirulent to these genes. Line AV1860 carrying OMR4gene was the only one resistant to 19 out of 20 isolates.These results suggested that there is a need to identifynew effective sources of resistance against powderymildew in oat.Many sources of resistance to powdery mildew havebeen reported in common oat (Jones 1983; Hsam et al.1997, 1998) as well as in wild relatives of A. sativa(Aung et al. 1977; Thomas et al. 1980; Herrmann andRoderick 1996; Hoppe and Kummer 1991; Hayes andJones 1966). The study of Sebesta et al. (1991) indicatedthat the line Pc54, which originated from a hybridbetween A.sativa cv Pendek and A.sterilis, possessedeffective resistance to powdery mildew. Hoppe andKummer (1991) reported that the line Pc39 was also tosome extent resistant to powdery mildew, and could beused as a donor of resistance. Another promising sourceof resistance to powdery mildew is the line APR122derived from a hybrid between A. eriantha andA. sativa. The work of Hsam et al. (1997) showed thatthis line was completely resistant to all isolates ofTable 1 Differential reaction of oat hexaploid species: A. sterilis,A. fatua and A. sativa after inoculation with three differentialisolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenaeLp Genotypes Isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenaeM 22 M 31 M 39Avena sterilis1 AVE 531 r r r2 AVE 941 s i i3 AVE 2116 r s i4 PI 287211 r s i5 IHAR E2345 r s i6 IHAR E1228 i i i7 IHAR E 2359 i s r8 AVE 5009 r r r9 AVE 944 r s i10 AVE 849 r s i11 AVE 723 s s i12 AVE 283 s s i13 PI 380125 s s s14 CN 25748 s s s15 AVE 245 s s s16 AVE 446 s s s17 AVE 534 s s s18 AVE 1283 s s s19 AVE 1895 s s s20 AVE 1983 s s s21 AVE 2578 s s s22 AVE 2919 s s s23 AVE 1935 s s s24 AVE 2532 s s s25 AVE 1373 s s s26 Clav 2050 s s s27 Clav 2049 s s sAvena fatua28 AVE 270 s s i29 AVE 1322 s s i30 AVE 2804 s s i31 IHAR E1492 s s s32 IHAR E1493 s s i33 IHAR E1203 s s i34 IHAR E4304 s i i35 IHAR E 1667 s s i36 IHAR E 2368 s s i37 IHAR E 667 s i i38 IHAR 51532 s s iTable 1 (continued)Lp Genotypes Isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenaeM 22 M 31 M 39Avena sativa39 CIav 3531 s s r40 CIav 4018 s s r41 CIav 4254 s r r42 CIav 4275 s i r43 CIav 6210 i i r44 CIav 7051 s i r45 PI 135731 r r r46 PI 354981 s i r47 PI 502953 r r rs susceptible, i intermediate, r resistance10 Eur J Plant Pathol (2014) 139:9–12Blumeria graminis studied at the seedling stage. Theseresults suggested that hexaploid species are a valuablesource of genes responsible for resistance. In the presentstudy, three hexaploid species, A. sterilis, A. fatua andA. sativa, were tested. Two genotypes belonging toA. sterilis were resistant to all isolates used in the exper-iment. The remaining genotypes of A. sterilis wereresistant to single isolates or showed intermediate re-sponses (Table 1). Accessions of A. fatua tested in thisstudy presented a susceptible or intermediate responseto all isolates and had very low levels of resistance topowderymildew (Table 1). Among A. sativa accessions,two were resistant to all tested isolates. Although allgenotypes studied were resistant to the M39 isolate,after inoculation of M22 and M31 isolates, they showeda susceptible or intermediate response (Table 1). In thecurrent work, genotypes belonging to tetraploid speciespresented the highest level of resistance. Among Avenaspecies tested, very high levels of resistance were iden-tified in A. maroccana accessions. Twelve genotypesfrom among 15 were resistant to all isolates of powderymildew. The remaining A. maroccana genotypesshowed an intermediate response (Table 2). Genotypesof A. murphyi also had a high level of resistance. Themajority of accessions were characterized by resistant orintermediate responses of which two genotypes wereresistant to all three isolates included in the experiment(Table 2). Previous studies suggest that the resistancederived from lower ploidy level could be used to im-prove this trait in common oat. Aung et al. (1977)successfully transferred resistance from the tetraploidspecies A. barbata into A. sativa. Furthermore, Yu andHerrmann (2006) were also able to effectively transferthe gene conferring resistance to powdery mildew fromtetraploid species. However, transfer of a resistance genebetween species at the same ploidy level is much easier.The results obtained in our study suggest that selectedgenotypes could be used as donors of genes encodingTable 2 Differential reaction of oat tetraploid species:A.maroccanaand A. murphyi after inoculation with three differential isolates ofBlumeria graminis f.sp. avenaeLp Genotypes Isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenaeM 22 M 31 M 39Avena maroccana1 AVE 2782 r r r2 AVE 2784 r r r3 AVE 2785 r r r4 AVE 2794 r r r5 AVE 2797 r r r6 AVE 2799 s i i7 CN 21861 r r r8 IHAR 52219 r r r9 IHAR 52222 i i i10 CN 23040 r r r11 CN 22436 r r r12 CN 23214 r r r13 CN 23220 r r r14 CN 23224 r r r15 AVE 4709 i i iAvena murphyi16 AVE 2811 s i r17 CN 21989 i i i18 CN 25974 r i i19 IHAR/1999/ r r r20 CN 23040 r r rs susceptible, i intermediate, r resistanceTable 3 Reaction of five differential oat cultivars and lines after inoculation with 20 isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenaeCultivar/lineIsolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae Oat MildewResistance(OMR) groupM3M4M5M6M8M9M11M12M13M14M18M20M22M31M35M39M41M44M45M46Bruno s s i s s s s s s i s s s s i i s s s s 1Jumbo i s i s s s s i s s i i i s s s s s s s 2Mostyn i i s s s s s i i s s s i s s i s s s s 3Av1860 r r r r r r r r r r r r r i r r r r r r 4Fuchs s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s 0s susceptible, i intermediate, r resistanceEur J Plant Pathol (2014) 139:9–12 11resistance to powdery mildew. Moreover, Hsam et al.(1997, 1998); Kowalczyk et al. (2004) and Okoń (2012)in their study identified some resistant oat cultivarspossessed an unknown response pattern compared tocontrol cultivars. These resistant genotypes could bealso used as new sources of resistance in oat breedingprograms.The current study has also demonstrated that manygenotypes are present in wild relatives of A. sativa thatcould be used as sources of new resistance to powderymildew. Identified genotypes, especially those resistantto all isolates tested, could be used in oat breedingprograms to improve the level of resistance to powderymildew.Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License which permits any use,distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the orig-inal author(s) and the source are credited.ReferencesAung, T., Thomas, H., & Jones, T. (1977). The transfer of thegene for mildew resistance from Avena barbata (4x) intothe cultivated oat A. sativa by an induced translocation.Euphytica, 26, 623–632.Dreiseitl, A., & Wang, J. (2007). Virulence and diversity ofBlumeria graminis f.sp. hordei in East China. EuropeanJournal of Plant Pathology, 117(4), 357–368.Hayes, J. D., & Jones, I. T. (1966). Variation in the pathogenicityofErysiphe graminisD.C. f. sp. avenae, and its relation to thedevelopment of mildew resistant oat cultivars. Euphytica, 15,80–86.Herrmann, M., & Roderick, H.W. (1996). Characterisation of newoat germplasm for resistance to powdery mildew. Euphytica,89, 405–410.Hoppe, H. D., & Kummer, M. (1991). New productive hexaploidderivatives after introgression from A. pilosa features. VortrPflanzenzuchtg, 20, 56–61.Hsam, S. L. K., Peters, N., Paderina, E. V., Felsenstein, F., Oppitz,K., & Zeller, F. J. (1997). Genetic studies of powdery mildewresistance in common oat (Avena sativa L.) I. Cultivars andbreeding lines grown in Western Europe and North America.Euphytica, 96, 421–427.Hsam, S. L. K., Pederina, E., Gorde, S., & Zeller, F. J. (1998).Genetic studies of powdery mildew resistance in cultivatedoat (Avena sativa L.) II. Cultivars and breeding lines grown inNorthern and Eastern Europe. Hereditas, 129, 227–230.Jones, I. T. (1983). Transgressive segregation for enhanced level ofadult plant resistance to mildew in the oat cross Mostyn ×Maldwyn. Euphytica, 32, 499–503.Jones, I. T., & Jones, E. R. L. (1979). Mildew of oats. UK CerealPathogen Virulence Survey 1978. Annual Report, 59–63.Kaur, N., Street, K.,Mackay,M., Yahiaoui, N., &Kelle, B. (2008).Molecular approaches for characterization and use of naturaldisease resistance in wheat. European Journal of PlantPathology, 121, 387–397.Kowalczyk, K., Hsam, S. L. K., & Zeller, F. J. (2004).Identification of oat powdery mildew resistance group2 (OMR2) and Polish common oat (Avena sativa L.)cultivars. Workshop “Resistance of cereals to bioticstresses”, Radzików, Poland 28.11-01.12.2004, 122–125.Okoń, S. (2012). Identification of powdery mildew resis-tance genes in Polish common oat (Avena sativa L.)cultivars using host-pathogen tests. Acta Agrobotanica,65(3), 63–68.Okoń, S., & Kowalczyk, K. (2012). Deriving isolates of powderymildew in common oat and using them to identify selectedgenes of resistance. Acta Agrobotanica, 65(2), 155–160.Sebesta, J., Kummer, M., Roderick, H. W., Hoppe, H. D.,Cervenka, J., Swierczewski, A., & Muller, K. (1991).Breeding oats for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew incentral Europe. Ochrana rostlin, 27, 229–238.Silvar, C., Kopahnke, D., Flath, K., Serfling, A., Perovic,D., Casas, A. M., Igurata, E., & Ordon, F. (2013). Resistanceto powdery mildew in one Spanish barley landracehardly resembles other previously identified wild bar-ley resistances. European Journal of Plant Pathology,136(3), 459–468.Thomas,H., Powell,W.,&Aung, T. (1980). Interferringwith regularmeiotic behavior in Avena sativa as a method of incorporatingthe gene for mildew resistance from A. barbata. Euphytica, 29,635–640.Yu, J., & Herrmann, M. (2006). Inheritance and mapping of apowdery mildew resistance gene introgressed from Avenamacrostachya in cultivated oat. Theoretical and AppliedGenetics, 113, 429–437.12 Eur J Plant Pathol (2014) 139:9–12

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Identification of new sources of resistance to powdery mildew in oat

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Identification of new sources of resistance to powdery mildew in oat

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