A. Montaruli

A. Parrello

E. Roveda

F. Carandente

J.A. Vitale

L. Galasso

AIR Universita degli studi di Milano

Chronotype influences the perception of effort in relation to an aerobic physical test in 
different times of day 
L. Galasso¹, JA. Vitale¹, A. Parrello¹, E. Roveda¹, A. Montaruli¹ and F. Carandente¹ 
¹Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy 
Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the chronotype could influence the physical 
performance, the response of the heart rate and the perception of effort before and after physical 
activity performed in different times of the day. 
Be Morning-type or Evening-type is indicative of a strong trend in being active in the first third of 
the day or morning (Morning-types), in the second third of the day (Neither-types) or the last third 
of the day or night (Evening-types) (Vitale JA., et al., 2015). 
Methods: 502 subjects compiled the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for 
the assessment of chronotype obtained by comparing the scores of the questionnaire with the scale 
of Morningness-Eveningness of Horne & Ostberg (Horne J. A. & Ostberg O., 1976).  
From this sample we recruited 27 subjects (mean age = 21.3; SD = 2.37) that performed twice the 
Cooper Test, in the morning (08.30 a.m.) and in the afternoon (04.00 p.m.). 
They wore a heart rate monitor (Polar S810) to detect the heart rate during the test. To evaluate the 
perception of effort we used the CR-10 Borg’s scale. 
Results: There were no statistically significant differences between M-types and E-types in the 
heart rate response and in the results of the physical test in both sessions. Referring to the 
perception of effort there is a statistical difference between subjects M-type and E-type for the 
values reported both in the morning (p<0.05) and in the afternoon session (p<0.05) following the 
taking of the Cooper’s Test.  
Conclusions: The results suggest that the chronotype can influence the perception of effort before 
and after the execution of an aerobic test performed at different times of day. 
References: 
1. Vitale JA., et al., (2015). Chronotype influences activity circadian rhythm and sleep: 
differences in sleep quality between weekdays and weekend. Chronobiol Int. Apr 32 (3): 
405-15   
2. Horne JA. & Ostberg O., (1976).  A self-assessment questionnaire to determine 
morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of 
Chronobiology 4 (2): 97-110.                                                                      
 
 


Chronotype influences the perception of effort in relation to an aerobic physical test in different times of day

https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/322370/752916/Abstract%20SISMES%202015%20ufficiale.pdf

Chronotype influences the perception of effort in relation to an aerobic physical test in different times of day

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