Identification and quantification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in declining trees of a Swiss cider pear orchard after incision treatment at the stem base
Candidatus Orchards of 30 to >100 years old fruit trees used for cider production are endangered by an accumulation of abiotic and biotic stress factors. Among biotic stress factors, diseases such as pear decline (PD) caused by the bacterial pathogen ' Phytoplasma ' contributes to a weakening and reduced life time of affected trees. Since direct treatment of this disease is not possible, approaches have gained attention, which might lead to an increased resilience against this pathogen, such as incisions of the cambium at the graft union at the stem base. Six 35 years old pear trees () of a Swiss cider production orchard, all affected by mild decline were chosen for this study. Four out of them were treated with 2-4 incisions per tree in February 2016. Symptoms were visually assessed during summer and autumn 2016 and 2017, respectively, and ' P ' measured in branch samples with a newly developed duplex TaqMan qPCR assay. No effect could be determined within these two subsequent growing seasons after treatment. Both, visual assessment of symptoms and qPCR measurement of the pathogen in branches did not show any difference between treated and untreated trees. The sequencing of two marker genes of the pathogen detected in this orchard confirmed its identity as ' ' and revealed that it belongs to the major genotype present in Europe
