The book Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage (PCWD) is the award-winning and leading reference in the field. Over 13,000 copies of the 4th edition were sold, and we conservatively estimate that it saves $210 million in resources and $220 million in labor annually. Emerging issues and changes in the field, however, have precipitated the need for a new 5th edition of PCWD. Six editors and over 120 authors are working to create the next edition, which will include 36 new and 77 revised chapters. We anticipate that the 5th edition of PCWD and derivative products will be available as a two-volume book, CD, website, e-book, and mobile app, starting in 2015

Curtis, Paul D.

Hygnstrom, Scott E.

Nolte, Dale L.

Timm, Robert M.

Tobin, Mark E.

VerCauteren, Kurt C.

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - LincolnDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - LincolnUSDA National Wildlife Research Center - StaffPublicationsU.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service2014Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, 5thEditionScott E. HygnstromUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, shygnstrom1@unl.eduRobert M. TimmUniversity of CaliforniaPaul D. CurtisCornell UniversityDale L. NolteUSDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services, Dale.L.Nolte@aphis.usda.govMark E. TobinUSDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterSee next page for additional authorsFollow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrcPart of the Life Sciences CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service atDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publicationsby an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.Hygnstrom, Scott E.; Timm, Robert M.; Curtis, Paul D.; Nolte, Dale L.; Tobin, Mark E.; and VerCauteren, Kurt C., "Prevention andControl of Wildlife Damage, 5th Edition" (2014). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 1782.https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/1782AuthorsScott E. Hygnstrom, Robert M. Timm, Paul D. Curtis, Dale L. Nolte, Mark E. Tobin, and Kurt C. VerCauterenThis article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/1782Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, 5th EditionScott E. HygnstromSchool of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-LincolnRobert M. TimmHopland Research and Extension Center, University of CaliforniaPaul D. CurtisDepartment of Natural Resources, Cornell UniversityDale L. Nolte, Mark E. Tobin, and Kurt C. VerCauterenNational Wildlife Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service,Wildlife ServicesABSTRACT: The book Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage (PCWD) is the award-winning and leading reference in thefield. Over 13,000 copies of the 4th edition were sold, and we conservatively estimate that it saves $210 million in resources and$220 million in labor annually. Emerging issues and changes in the field, however, have precipitated the need for a new 5th editionof PCWD. Six editors and over 120 authors are working to create the next edition, which will include 36 new and 77 revisedchapters. We anticipate that the 5th edition of PCWD and derivative products will be available as a two-volume book, CD, website,e-book, and mobile app, starting in 2015.KEY WORDS: human-wildlife conflicts, internet, Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, wildlife damage managementProc. 26th Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R. M. Timm and J. M. O’Brien, Eds.)Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis.  2014. Pp. 440-442.INTRODUCTIONWildlife provides us with ubiquitous and innumerablebenefits. Unfortunately, wildlife also can cause signifi-cant damage to food, fiber, personal property, and naturalresources. In addition, wildlife can cause a threat to hu-man health and safety and are the cause of many nuisanceproblems. Often problems with wildlife are complex andconvoluted, involving multiple stakeholders with differ-ing attitudes. These issues are pervasive in society, soscientists, educators, and administrators across the globeare working to provide answers to these problems. The4th edition of the book Prevention and Control of WildlifeDamage (PCWD; Hygnstrom et al. 1994) is widelyrecognized as the leading reference in the field of wildlifedamage management. The two-volume book includes863-pages and 77 chapters (Appendix 1) written by 75authors who are experts in the field.  From alligators topolar bears, it covers nearly everything associated withwildlife damage in North America. Over 13,000 copieswere sold, largely in North America, but also in 27 othercountries. Based on a 10% sample of users, we conserva-tively estimate that the book saves $210 million in re-sources and $220 million in labor annually. The bookwas sponsored by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Great Plains Agricultural Council, and USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services and currently is available on-line athttp://icwdm.org.handbook/index.asp. The editors re-ceived the Communication Award from the BerrymanInstitute for Wildlife Damage Management in 1996.Earlier editions of PCWD also were successful.  The1st edition, edited by F. Robert Henderson (1972) primar-ily was developed as a reference for the CooperativeExtension Service in Kansas in 1972. It was followedshortly after by the 2nd edition, edited by Henderson(1977), when it was perceived that the book was gettingwide use and additional content was needed. In 1984,Robert M. Timm produced the 3rd edition of PCWD at therequest of Henderson, expanding and standardizing thecontent of species chapters and greatly expanding thesection on pesticides.  Chapters on individual species in-cluded sections on species identification, general biology,damage identification, legal status, economics, manage-ment methods, and resources.  This 3rd edition wasadopted widely throughout the Great Plains region. The4th edition was created when it was perceived that thebook was being used as a reference nationally and that thecontent needed to be expanded and upgraded.Twenty years have passed since the 4th edition ofPCWD was produced and in that time, several newproblems have emerged.  Canada geese, deer, bears, andcoyotes have become overabundant in urban areas;wolves and mountain lions have expanded their rangesinto more human-dominated landscapes; invasive exoticspecies such as mute swans, Burmese pythons, and coquifrogs have expanded their ranges and influence;previously innocuous species such as black vultures andwild turkeys have changed their behavior, which has putthem in conflict with people; and the list of emerginginfectious zoonotic diseases including hantavirus pulmo-nary syndrome, West Nile Virus, and avian influenzakeeps expanding. In addition, many of the tools andtechniques that we used to manage problem wildlife havebeen lost over the years, while others have been added, ashave new regulations that influence their use.  Thus, itwas clear that a new edition of PCWD was needed.DEVELOPMENT OF PCWD, 5th EDITIONThe goal of the 5th edition of PCWD and its derivativeproducts will be to disseminate research- and expert-based, up-to-date, cost-effective, and ecologically soundinformation about integrated approaches for resolvinghuman-wildlife conflicts. Editors of the 5th edition will440include S. E. Hygnstrom, R. M. Timm, D. L. Nolte, M. E.Tobin, and K. C. VerCauteren.  They will be assisted byR. Smith and S. M. Vantassel. Sponsors include the Uni-versity of Nebraska-Lincoln and USDA-APHIS-WildlifeServices. The project will address all aspects of wildlifedamage management in North America. It will includeall chapters from the 4th edition plus 13 new chapters ongeneral concepts in wildlife damage management and 23new species chapters (Appendix 1). The 5th edition willinclude contributions of some 120 authors who areexperts from private industry, universities, state andfederal agencies, and non-governmental organizations.The format of the 5th edition will be similar to that of the4th, including a two-volume book with 113 chapters andlikely over 1,000 pages. The 5th edition also will beavailable as a CD, e-book, website, and possibly as amobile app.  The new XML schema will enable theefficient development of consistent derivative productsthat will be targeted toward specific audiences, such asairport managers, golf course superintendents, warehouseowners, grain storage managers, feedlot operators, andmore. The editors are using a MicroSoft SharePointcollaborative website to develop chapters and manage theediting and production process. Authors submit draft adraft manuscript to a subject editor for review. Ifsufficiently developed, the chapter is forwarded to atechnical editor and lead editor for review. Authors areasked to revise and resubmit as needed. In the end, themanuscript will goes through layout, copy editing, andfinal review by the lead editor before printing. Weanticipate that the book and associated products will beavailable for public use starting in 2015.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe appreciate the support of the University of Nebraska-LincolnExtension and the USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services for sponsoring andproviding funding for the development of the 5th edition of PCWD.We thank S. M. Vantassel and R. Smith for providing technicalsupport.  In addition, we thank the many authors who have contributedto PCWD.LITERATURE CITEDHenderson, F. R. (Compiler).  1972.  Prevention and Control ofWildlife Damage.  Kansas State University CooperativeExtension Service.Henderson, F. R.  (Compiler).  1977.  Prevention and Control ofWildlife Damage, 2nd edition. Kansas State UniversityCooperative Extension Service.Hygnstrom, S. E., R. M. Timm, and G. E. Larson (Editors).1994.  Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, 4thedition.  University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension.Timm, R. M. (Editor).  1984.  Prevention and Control ofWildlife Damage, 3rd edition. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Cooperative Extension Service.441Appendix 1Table of contents of the 5th edition of Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage.  Chapters with an asterisk (*)are new to the 5th edition.Wildlife Damage - GeneralPrinciples and Philosophy*Integrated Wildlife Management*Human Dimensions*Legal Aspects*Ethics*Sources of Information*AssistanceIdentificationEconomics*Relocation and Translocation*Monitoring*Euthanasia and Humane Endings*Disposal*Safety*Evaluation of PredationInvasive Species*Wildlife DiseasesRodentsBeaversGophers, PocketMarmots*Mice, HouseMice, White Footed and DeerMountain BeaversMuskratsNutriaPorcupinesPrairie DogsRats, CottonRats, KangarooRats, NorwayRats, RoofRats, WoodRodent-proof ConstructionSquirrels, Belding’s, California, RockGroundSquirrel, Franklin GroundSquirrels, Richardson, WyomingGroundSquirrel, Thirteen-lined GroundSquirrels, TreeVolesWoodchucksCarnivoresBadgersBears, BlackBears, BrownBears, PolarBobcatsCats, Feral HouseCoyotes, RuralCoyotes, Urban*Dogs, FeralFoxesLions, MountainMinkMongoose*RaccoonsOtters, RiverSkunksWeaselsWolvesOther MammalsArmadilloBatsDeer, RuralDeer, Urban*ElkGoats, Feral*Horses and Burros, Wild*JavalinaMarine Mammals*MolesMoose*OpossumPigs, FeralPronghorn, AntelopeRabbits, CottontailRabbits, JackrabbitsShrewsBirdsBirds at AirportsBird Dispersal TechniquesBlackbirdsCootCormorants*Cranes, Sandhill*Crows, Ravens, and MagpiesEaglesFinch, House (Linnets)Geese, Resident Canada*GoldfinchesGracklesGullsHawks and OwlsHerons and Egrets*Larks, HornedJays, ScrubKites, MississippiPelicansPigeonsParakeets, Monk *Sparrows, CrownedSparrows, HouseSongbirds*StarlingsSwallowsSwans, Mute*Turkeys, Wild*Vultures*Waterfowl, RuralWaxwing, Cedar*WoodpeckersReptiles, Amphibians, Etc.AlligatorsCrayfishFish*Frogs and ToadsSalamandersSharks*Snakes, NonvenomousSnakes, VenomousLizards*TurtlesVertebrate PesticidesRegistered Vertebrate PesticidesActive IngredientsSupplies and MaterialsPoison Control CentersSample Labels442

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, 5th Edition

The book Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage (PCWD) is the award-winning and leading reference in the field.  Over 13,000 copies of the 4th edition were sold, and we conservatively estimate that it saves $210 million in resources and $220 million in labor annually.  Emerging issues and changes in the field, however, have precipitated the need for a new 5th edition of PCWD.  Six editors and over 120 authors are working to create the next edition, which will include 36 new and 77 revised chapters.  We anticipate that the 5th edition of PCWD and derivative products will be available as a two-volume book, CD, website, e-book, and mobile app, starting in 2015

eScholarship - University of California

UNL | Libraries

University of Nebraska - Lincoln
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff
Publications
U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service
2014
Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, 5th
Edition
Scott E. Hygnstrom
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, shygnstrom1@unl.edu
Robert M. Timm
University of California
Paul D. Curtis
Cornell University
Dale L. Nolte
USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services, Dale.L.Nolte@aphis.usda.gov
Mark E. Tobin
USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center
See next page for additional authors
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc
Part of the Life Sciences Commons
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications
by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
Hygnstrom, Scott E.; Timm, Robert M.; Curtis, Paul D.; Nolte, Dale L.; Tobin, Mark E.; and VerCauteren, Kurt C., "Prevention and
Control of Wildlife Damage, 5th Edition" (2014). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 1782.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/1782
Authors
Scott E. Hygnstrom, Robert M. Timm, Paul D. Curtis, Dale L. Nolte, Mark E. Tobin, and Kurt C. VerCauteren
This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/
1782
Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, 5th Edition
Scott E. Hygnstrom
School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Robert M. Timm
Hopland Research and Extension Center, University of California
Paul D. Curtis
Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University
Dale L. Nolte, Mark E. Tobin, and Kurt C. VerCauteren
National Wildlife Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service,
Wildlife Services
ABSTRACT: The book Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage (PCWD) is the award-winning and leading reference in the
field. Over 13,000 copies of the 4th edition were sold, and we conservatively estimate that it saves $210 million in resources and
$220 million in labor annually. Emerging issues and changes in the field, however, have precipitated the need for a new 5th edition
of PCWD. Six editors and over 120 authors are working to create the next edition, which will include 36 new and 77 revised
chapters. We anticipate that the 5th edition of PCWD and derivative products will be available as a two-volume book, CD, website,
e-book, and mobile app, starting in 2015.
KEY WORDS: human-wildlife conflicts, internet, Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, wildlife damage management
Proc. 26th Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R. M. Timm and J. M. O’Brien, Eds.)
Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis.  2014. Pp. 440-442.
INTRODUCTION
Wildlife provides us with ubiquitous and innumerable
benefits. Unfortunately, wildlife also can cause signifi-
cant damage to food, fiber, personal property, and natural
resources. In addition, wildlife can cause a threat to hu-
man health and safety and are the cause of many nuisance
problems. Often problems with wildlife are complex and
convoluted, involving multiple stakeholders with differ-
ing attitudes. These issues are pervasive in society, so
scientists, educators, and administrators across the globe
are working to provide answers to these problems. The
4th edition of the book Prevention and Control of Wildlife
Damage (PCWD; Hygnstrom et al. 1994) is widely
recognized as the leading reference in the field of wildlife
damage management. The two-volume book includes
863-pages and 77 chapters (Appendix 1) written by 75
authors who are experts in the field.  From alligators to
polar bears, it covers nearly everything associated with
wildlife damage in North America. Over 13,000 copies
were sold, largely in North America, but also in 27 other
countries. Based on a 10% sample of users, we conserva-
tively estimate that the book saves $210 million in re-
sources and $220 million in labor annually. The book
was sponsored by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
Great Plains Agricultural Council, and USDA-APHIS-
Wildlife Services and currently is available on-line at
http://icwdm.org.handbook/index.asp. The editors re-
ceived the Communication Award from the Berryman
Institute for Wildlife Damage Management in 1996.
Earlier editions of PCWD also were successful.  The
1st edition, edited by F. Robert Henderson (1972) primar-
ily was developed as a reference for the Cooperative
Extension Service in Kansas in 1972. It was followed
shortly after by the 2nd edition, edited by Henderson
(1977), when it was perceived that the book was getting
wide use and additional content was needed. In 1984,
Robert M. Timm produced the 3rd edition of PCWD at the
request of Henderson, expanding and standardizing the
content of species chapters and greatly expanding the
section on pesticides.  Chapters on individual species in-
cluded sections on species identification, general biology,
damage identification, legal status, economics, manage-
ment methods, and resources.  This 3rd edition was
adopted widely throughout the Great Plains region. The
4th edition was created when it was perceived that the
book was being used as a reference nationally and that the
content needed to be expanded and upgraded.
Twenty years have passed since the 4th edition of
PCWD was produced and in that time, several new
problems have emerged.  Canada geese, deer, bears, and
coyotes have become overabundant in urban areas;
wolves and mountain lions have expanded their ranges
into more human-dominated landscapes; invasive exotic
species such as mute swans, Burmese pythons, and coqui
frogs have expanded their ranges and influence;
previously innocuous species such as black vultures and
wild turkeys have changed their behavior, which has put
them in conflict with people; and the list of emerging
infectious zoonotic diseases including hantavirus pulmo-
nary syndrome, West Nile Virus, and avian influenza
keeps expanding. In addition, many of the tools and
techniques that we used to manage problem wildlife have
been lost over the years, while others have been added, as
have new regulations that influence their use.  Thus, it
was clear that a new edition of PCWD was needed.
DEVELOPMENT OF PCWD, 5th EDITION
The goal of the 5th edition of PCWD and its derivative
products will be to disseminate research- and expert-
based, up-to-date, cost-effective, and ecologically sound
information about integrated approaches for resolving
human-wildlife conflicts. Editors of the 5th edition will
440
include S. E. Hygnstrom, R. M. Timm, D. L. Nolte, M. E.
Tobin, and K. C. VerCauteren.  They will be assisted by
R. Smith and S. M. Vantassel. Sponsors include the Uni-
versity of Nebraska-Lincoln and USDA-APHIS-Wildlife
Services. The project will address all aspects of wildlife
damage management in North America. It will include
all chapters from the 4th edition plus 13 new chapters on
general concepts in wildlife damage management and 23
new species chapters (Appendix 1). The 5th edition will
include contributions of some 120 authors who are
experts from private industry, universities, state and
federal agencies, and non-governmental organizations.
The format of the 5th edition will be similar to that of the
4th, including a two-volume book with 113 chapters and
likely over 1,000 pages. The 5th edition also will be
available as a CD, e-book, website, and possibly as a
mobile app.  The new XML schema will enable the
efficient development of consistent derivative products
that will be targeted toward specific audiences, such as
airport managers, golf course superintendents, warehouse
owners, grain storage managers, feedlot operators, and
more. The editors are using a MicroSoft SharePoint
collaborative website to develop chapters and manage the
editing and production process. Authors submit draft a
draft manuscript to a subject editor for review. If
sufficiently developed, the chapter is forwarded to a
technical editor and lead editor for review. Authors are
asked to revise and resubmit as needed. In the end, the
manuscript will goes through layout, copy editing, and
final review by the lead editor before printing. We
anticipate that the book and associated products will be
available for public use starting in 2015.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We appreciate the support of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Extension and the USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services for sponsoring and
providing funding for the development of the 5th edition of PCWD.
We thank S. M. Vantassel and R. Smith for providing technical
support.  In addition, we thank the many authors who have contributed
to PCWD.
LITERATURE CITED
Henderson, F. R. (Compiler).  1972.  Prevention and Control of
Wildlife Damage.  Kansas State University Cooperative
Extension Service.
Henderson, F. R.  (Compiler).  1977.  Prevention and Control of
Wildlife Damage, 2nd edition. Kansas State University
Cooperative Extension Service.
Hygnstrom, S. E., R. M. Timm, and G. E. Larson (Editors).
1994.  Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, 4th
edition.  University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension.
Timm, R. M. (Editor).  1984.  Prevention and Control of
Wildlife Damage, 3rd edition. University of Nebraska-
Lincoln Cooperative Extension Service.
441
Appendix 1
Table of contents of the 5th edition of Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage.  Chapters with an asterisk (*)
are new to the 5th edition.
Wildlife Damage - General
Principles and Philosophy*
Integrated Wildlife Management*
Human Dimensions*
Legal Aspects*
Ethics*
Sources of Information*
Assistance
Identification
Economics*
Relocation and Translocation*
Monitoring*
Euthanasia and Humane Endings*
Disposal*
Safety*
Evaluation of Predation
Invasive Species*
Wildlife Diseases
Rodents
Beavers
Gophers, Pocket
Marmots*
Mice, House
Mice, White Footed and Deer
Mountain Beavers
Muskrats
Nutria
Porcupines
Prairie Dogs
Rats, Cotton
Rats, Kangaroo
Rats, Norway
Rats, Roof
Rats, Wood
Rodent-proof Construction
Squirrels, Belding’s, California, Rock
Ground
Squirrel, Franklin Ground
Squirrels, Richardson, Wyoming
Ground
Squirrel, Thirteen-lined Ground
Squirrels, Tree
Voles
Woodchucks
Carnivores
Badgers
Bears, Black
Bears, Brown
Bears, Polar
Bobcats
Cats, Feral House
Coyotes, Rural
Coyotes, Urban*
Dogs, Feral
Foxes
Lions, Mountain
Mink
Mongoose*
Raccoons
Otters, River
Skunks
Weasels
Wolves
Other Mammals
Armadillo
Bats
Deer, Rural
Deer, Urban*
Elk
Goats, Feral*
Horses and Burros, Wild*
Javalina
Marine Mammals*
Moles
Moose*
Opossum
Pigs, Feral
Pronghorn, Antelope
Rabbits, Cottontail
Rabbits, Jackrabbits
Shrews
Birds
Birds at Airports
Bird Dispersal Techniques
Blackbirds
Coot
Cormorants*
Cranes, Sandhill*
Crows, Ravens, and Magpies
Eagles
Finch, House (Linnets)
Geese, Resident Canada*
Goldfinches
Grackles
Gulls
Hawks and Owls
Herons and Egrets*
Larks, Horned
Jays, Scrub
Kites, Mississippi
Pelicans
Pigeons
Parakeets, Monk *
Sparrows, Crowned
Sparrows, House
Songbirds*
Starlings
Swallows
Swans, Mute*
Turkeys, Wild*
Vultures*
Waterfowl, Rural
Waxwing, Cedar*
Woodpeckers
Reptiles, Amphibians, Etc.
Alligators
Crayfish
Fish*
Frogs and Toads
Salamanders
Sharks*
Snakes, Nonvenomous
Snakes, Venomous
Lizards*
Turtles
Vertebrate Pesticides
Registered Vertebrate Pesticides
Active Ingredients
Supplies and Materials
Poison Control Centers
Sample Labels
442


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