Aerodynamic studies are critical in the development of aircraft and aircraft technology. To this end, a study of three means for improving the aerodynamic performance using range and endurance metrics is presented in this thesis to guide future design iterations of a mediumaltitude long-endurance tactical unmanned aerial vehicle, the Hydra Technologies S45 Bàalam. The results presented are obtained using computational fluid dynamics simulations and are therefore of high fidelity. Surrogate-based modeling using Gaussian processes is used to reduce the number of computationally-intensive simulations required in the optimizations performed. A Bayesian efficient global optimization algorithm using expected improvement is used in the two optimization series.
The first set of results establishes the baseline performance of the wing and assesses the impact of an optionally-installed upswept blended winglet on the development of forces on the wing. Results show that the winglet consistently improves the wing aerodynamics. The spanwise distribution of forces shows that the presence of the winglet introduces a component of force in the direction of thrust owing to the curved shape and flow field, thus reducing drag at the wing tip.
The second set of results presents an optimization study on global wing parameters. Three planform parameters, the aspect ratio, taper ratio, and sweep angle, as well as the out-of-plane geometric twist angle, are the design variables. Results show that possible improvements are modest at best unless the aspect ratio is increased because there are no significant design levers to increase the lift without causing a greater increase in the drag. Wing twist is identified to be a parameter useful in manipulating the angle of attack at which the maximum lift-to-drag ratio occurs.
The third set of results focuses on the aerodynamic enhancements achievable through active morphing of the flexible upper surface of the wing in flight using actuated rods. Three amplitudes of displacement of the deformable surface are used to represent the morphing process simulated at a range of angles of attack and flow speeds over the full flight envelope of the vehicle. Up to 4 % improvement is obtained on the range and endurance metrics. Improvements are not obtained at all flight conditions tested. It is observed that the morphing process gains influence as the Reynolds number becomes higher because of the associated increase in turbulent flow on the wing which can be delayed to obtain improved aerodynamic coefficients
