A self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based fluorescent film
was designed and prepared by chemical immobilization of a novel oligo­(p-phenylene- ethynylene) (OPE) with cholic acid moieties
at the ends of its side chains (Film 1). As a control, a similar film,
Film 2, of which OPE brings no side chains, was also prepared. The
structures of the films were characterized by contact angle, XPS,
ATR-IR and fluorescence measurements. Fluorescence studies revealed
that the emission of Film 1 is sensitive to the presence of trace
amount of some inorganic acids in acetone, such as HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, and H3PO4,
etc., whereas the acids as studied showed little effect on the emission
of Film 2. The difference in the sensing performances of the two films
have been rationalized by considering presence or absence of a possible
cavity, a substructure appearing above the OPE adlayer which is something
like a dimer of cholic acid (CholA) formed at specific environment

Hong Cui (209000)

Gang He (239353)

Hongyue Wang (2009332)

Xiaohuan Sun (1713598)

Taihong Liu (1721704)

Liping Ding (567197)

Yu Fang (219603)

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Fanshawe, Thomas R

Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie

Perera, Rafael

Lindson, Nicola

National Documentation Centre on Drug Use

Competitions for smoking cessation.

FigShare

Fabrication of a Novel
Cholic Acid Modified OPE-Based Fluorescent Film and Its Sensing Performances
to Inorganic Acids in Acetone

Background Competitions might encourage people to undertake and/or reinforce behaviour change, including smoking cessation. Competitions involve individuals or groups having the opportunity to win a prize following successful cessation, either through direct competition or by entry into a lottery or raffle. Objectives To determine whether competitions lead to higher long‐term smoking quit rates. We also aimed to examine the impact on the population, the costs, and the unintended consequences of smoking cessation competitions. Search methods This review has merged two previous Cochrane reviews. Here we include studies testing competitions from the reviews ‘Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation' and ‘Quit and Win interventions for smoking cessation'. We updated the evidence by searching the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register in June 2018. Selection criteria We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs), allocating individuals, workplaces, groups within workplaces, or communities to experimental or control conditions. We also considered controlled studies with baseline and post‐intervention measures in which participants were assigned to interventions by the investigators. Participants were smokers, of any age and gender, in any setting. Eligible interventions were contests, competitions, lotteries, and raffles, to reward cessation and continuous abstinence in smoking cessation programmes. Data collection and analysis For this update, data from new studies were extracted independently by two review authors. The primary outcome measure was abstinence from smoking at least six months from the start of the intervention. We performed meta‐analyses to pool study effects where suitable data were available and where the effect of the competition component could be separated from that of other intervention components, and report other findings narratively. Main results Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria. Five investigated performance‐based reward, where groups of smokers competed against each other to win a prize (N = 915). The remaining 15 used performance‐based eligibility, where cessation resulted in entry into a prize draw (N = 10,580). Five of these used Quit and Win contests (N = 4282), of which three were population‐level interventions. Fourteen studies were RCTs, and the remainder quasi‐randomized or controlled trials. Six had suitable abstinence data for a meta‐analysis, which did not show evidence of effectiveness of performance‐based eligibility interventions (risk ratio (RR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77 to 1.74, N = 3201, I2 = 57%). No trials that used performance‐based rewards found a beneficial effect of the intervention on long‐term quit rates. The three population‐level Quit and Win studies found higher smoking cessation rates in the intervention group (4% to 16.9%) than the control group at long‐term follow‐up, but none were RCTs and all had important between‐group differences in baseline characteristics. These studies suggested that fewer than one in 500 smokers would quit because of the contest. Reported unintended consequences in all sets of studies generally related to discrepancies between self‐reported smoking status and biochemically‐verified smoking status. More serious adverse events were not attributed to the competition intervention. Using the GRADE system we rated the overall quality of the evidence for smoking cessation as ‘very low', because of the high and unclear risk of bias associated with the included studies, substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, and the limited population investigated. Authors' conclusions At present, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness, or a lack of it, of smoking cessation competitions. This is due to a lack of well‐designed comparative studies. Smoking cessation competitions have not been shown to enhance long‐term cessation rates. The limited evidence suggesting that population‐based Quit & Win contests at local and regional level might deliver quit rates above baseline community rates has not been tested adequately using rigorous study designs. It is also unclear whether the value or frequency of possible cash reward schedules influence the success of competitions. Future studies should be designed to compensate for the substantial biases in the current evidence base

Fanshawe, Thomas

ORA - Oxford University Research Archive

Competitions for smoking cessation

Background
Competitions might encourage people to undertake and/or reinforce behaviour change, including smoking cessation. Competitions involve individuals or groups having the opportunity to win a prize following successful cessation, either through direct competition or by entry into a lottery or raffle.

Objectives
To determine whether competitions lead to higher long‐term smoking quit rates. We also aimed to examine the impact on the population, the costs, and the unintended consequences of smoking cessation competitions.

Search methods
This review has merged two previous Cochrane reviews. Here we include studies testing competitions from the reviews ‘Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation' and ‘Quit and Win interventions for smoking cessation'. We updated the evidence by searching the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register in June 2018.

Selection criteria
We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs), allocating individuals, workplaces, groups within workplaces, or communities to experimental or control conditions. We also considered controlled studies with baseline and post‐intervention measures in which participants were assigned to interventions by the investigators. Participants were smokers, of any age and gender, in any setting. Eligible interventions were contests, competitions, lotteries, and raffles, to reward cessation and continuous abstinence in smoking cessation programmes.

Data collection and analysis
For this update, data from new studies were extracted independently by two review authors. The primary outcome measure was abstinence from smoking at least six months from the start of the intervention. We performed meta‐analyses to pool study effects where suitable data were available and where the effect of the competition component could be separated from that of other intervention components, and report other findings narratively.

Main results
Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria. Five investigated performance‐based reward, where groups of smokers competed against each other to win a prize (N = 915). The remaining 15 used performance‐based eligibility, where cessation resulted in entry into a prize draw (N = 10,580). Five of these used Quit and Win contests (N = 4282), of which three were population‐level interventions. Fourteen studies were RCTs, and the remainder quasi‐randomized or controlled trials. Six had suitable abstinence data for a meta‐analysis, which did not show evidence of effectiveness of performance‐based eligibility interventions (risk ratio (RR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77 to 1.74, N = 3201, I2 = 57%). No trials that used performance‐based rewards found a beneficial effect of the intervention on long‐term quit rates.

The three population‐level Quit and Win studies found higher smoking cessation rates in the intervention group (4% to 16.9%) than the control group at long‐term follow‐up, but none were RCTs and all had important between‐group differences in baseline characteristics. These studies suggested that fewer than one in 500 smokers would quit because of the contest.

Reported unintended consequences in all sets of studies generally related to discrepancies between self‐reported smoking status and biochemically‐verified smoking status. More serious adverse events were not attributed to the competition intervention.

Using the GRADE system we rated the overall quality of the evidence for smoking cessation as ‘very low', because of the high and unclear risk of bias associated with the included studies, substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, and the limited population investigated.

Authors' conclusions
At present, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness, or a lack of it, of smoking cessation competitions. This is due to a lack of well‐designed comparative studies. Smoking cessation competitions have not been shown to enhance long‐term cessation rates. The limited evidence suggesting that population‐based Quit and Win contests at local and regional level might deliver quit rates above baseline community rates has not been tested adequately using rigorous study designs. It is also unclear whether the value or frequency of possible cash reward schedules influence the success of competitions. Future studies should be designed to compensate for the substantial biases in the current evidence base.</p

Fanshawe, TR

Hartmann-Boyce, J

Perera, R

Lindson, N

Oxford University Research Archive (ORA)

Oxford University Research Archive

https://figshare.com/articles/Fabrication_of_a_Novel_Cholic_Acid_Modified_OPE_Based_Fluorescent_Film_and_Its_Sensing_Performances_to_Inorganic_Acids_in_Acetone/2457208

Fabrication of a Novel Cholic Acid Modified OPE-Based Fluorescent Film and Its Sensing Performances to Inorganic Acids in Acetone

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National Documentation Centre on Drug Use

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ORA - Oxford University Research Archive

Oxford University Research Archive (ORA)

Oxford University Research Archive