Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca

Célia Maria de Almeida Soares

Ildinete Silva-Pereira

Joshua D. Nosanchuk

Mediators of Inflammation

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EditorialIntracellular Eukaryotic Pathogens’ Virulence Attributes andTheir Interplay with Host Immune DefensesAnamélia Lorenzetti Bocca,1 Célia Maria de Almeida Soares,2 Joshua D. Nosanchuk,3 andIldinete Silva-Pereira41Cell Biology Department of Biology Institute, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília,DF, Brazil2Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Host-Pathogenic Fungi, Biology Institute,University of Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia, GO, Brazil3Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA4Cell Biology Department of Biology Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, University of Brasília,70910-900 Brasília, DF, BrazilCorrespondence should be addressed to Ildinete Silva-Pereira; xocolau@unb.brReceived 2 July 2017; Accepted 2 July 2017; Published 5 November 2017Copyright © 2017 Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original workis properly cited.The incidence of life-threatening infections by intracellulareukaryotic pathogens has risen sharply as a result of modernmedical care that diminishes immunity in patients, such asinvasive catheters, chemotherapy, and steroids, as well asthe increased incidence of immunosuppressive diseases,such as those due to the human immunodeﬁciency virus(HIV). For example, Cryptococcus neoformans is responsi-ble for between ~180,000 and 600,000 deaths annually,primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and principally in indi-viduals with HIV [1, 2]. Thus, there is an urgent needfor new and deeper insights into the pathobiology ofthese diverse intracellular invaders’ mechanisms for viru-lence including their strategies to evade or subvert hostimmune defenses.Host-pathogen interactions are complex, dynamic, andmultifactorial processes. In order to survive and proliferatewithin the host, eukaryotic pathogens must be able to sensediﬀerent host microenvironment signals and regulate tran-scription and translation reprogramming resulting in meta-bolic adaptations, alterations in cellular morphology, andadjustments and remodeling of their surface envelope (cellwall/plasmatic membrane), among other processes. Forexample, signals derived through the binding of the fungalcell wall by antibody can result in alterations of gene activa-tion [3] or protein loading in released extracellularvesicles [4]. Osmotic changes can lead to dramatic alter-ations in protein regulation, such as in Paracoccidioideslutzii [5]. In this special issue, areas that are discussedinclude the dynamics of phase variation in response tostressors, regulation of enzyme secretion, and consider-ations of metabolic routes as drug targets. In this specialissue, E. Camacho and G. A. Niño-Vega detail virulencefactors that facilitate the survival of Paracoccidioides spp.The pathway to the identiﬁcation and development ofnew antifungal drugs through studies on antifungal resis-tance and metabolism is thoroughly addressed in an articleby J. A. Parente-Rocha et al.On the other hand, eﬀective host responses require theability of the host to recognize and respond to the patho-gen employing several mechanisms to eradicate and/orcontrol the pathogen through the activation of an eﬃcientimmune response. The host defense mechanisms includeharnessing the functions of macrophages, dendritic cells,T cells, B cells, Th1, Th2 & Th17 responses, antibody,and complement as well as the engagement of such cellsthrough recognition receptors such as TLRs, Dectin-1,HindawiMediators of InﬂammationVolume 2017, Article ID 1264974, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1264974complement, mannose & other lectin receptors, scavengerreceptors, IL-1 receptor, E-cadherein, EGFR-HER2, Gp96,CD14, CD44, and CDw17. For example, dectin-1 isrequired for the upregulation of miR155 in macrophageschallenged with Candida albicans [6] and NLRP3 inﬂam-masome activation by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is linkedto a protective response against this pathogen [7]. Thisspecial edition will examine cellular and humoral systemsin responding to intracellular eukaryotic pathogens. Addi-tionally, issues on how vaccination (both with pathogenproducts or primed cells, such as dendritic cell) can alterthe host-pathogen dynamic will be explored. The interplaybetween the host and pathogen will be highlighted by afocus on the ability of microbes to undergo morphogenesisas a means to escape immune surveillance. For example,the topic of fungal dimorphism and virulence will be care-fully detailed at the molecular level by G. M. Gauthier.Understanding of the interplay between intracellulareukaryotic pathogens and host cells requires dissection atthe levels of both pathogen and host. Dynamic ongoing shiftsin responses within both the invader cells and the host cellsdictate the outcome of the interaction, to the beneﬁt ordetriment of each party. The overall complexity of the pro-cesses occurring in such struggles is daunting, yet majorinsights into the pathobiology of these diseases have beenachieved. With this special issue, we have provided a plat-form that presents signiﬁcant ﬁndings that oﬀer insights intohost-pathogen interactions.Anamélia Lorenzetti BoccaCélia Maria de Almeida SoaresJoshua D. NosanchukIldinete Silva-PereiraReferences[1] B. J. Park, K. A. Wannemuehler, B. J. Marston, N. Govender,P. G. Pappas, and T. M. Chiller, “Estimation of the currentglobal burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons livingwith HIV/AIDS,” AIDS, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 525–530, 2009.[2] R. Rajasingham, R. M. Smith, B. J. Park et al., “Global burden ofdisease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updatedanalysis,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 17, no. 8,pp. 873–881, 2017.[3] E. E. McClelland, A. M. Nicola, R. Prados-Rosales, andA. Casadevall, “Ab binding alters gene expression in Crypto-coccus neoformans and directly modulates fungal metabo-lism,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 120, no. 4,pp. 1355–1361, 2010.[4] L. Matos Baltazar, E. S. Nakayasu, T. J. Sobreira et al., “Antibodybinding alters the characteristics and contents of extracellularvesicles released by Histoplasma capsulatum,” mSphere, vol. 1,no. 2, 2016.[5] L. N. Rodrigues, A. Brito Wde, A. F. Parente et al., “Osmoticstress adaptation of Paracoccidioides lutzii, Pb01, monitoredby proteomics,” Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol. 95, pp. 13–23, 2016.[6] D. P. Agustinho, M. A. de Oliveira, A. H. Tavares et al., “Dectin-1 is required for miR155 upregulation in murine macrophagesin response to Candida albicans,” Virulence, vol. 8, no. 1,pp. 41–52, 2017.[7] A. H. Tavares, K. G. Magalhães, R. D. Almeida, R. Correa, P. H.Burgel, and A. L. Bocca, “NLRP3 inﬂammasome activation byParacoccidioides brasiliensis,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases,vol. 7, no. 12, article e2595, 2013.2 Mediators of InﬂammationSubmit your manuscripts athttps://www.hindawi.comStem CellsInternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014MEDIATORSINFLAMMATIONofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Behavioural NeurologyEndocrinologyInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Disease MarkersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalOncologyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014PPAR ResearchThe Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofObesityJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineOphthalmologyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Diabetes ResearchJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentAIDSHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Gastroenterology Research and PracticeHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Parkinson’s DiseaseEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com

Intracellular Eukaryotic Pathogens’ Virulence Attributes and Their Interplay with Host Immune Defenses

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Intracellular Eukaryotic Pathogens’ Virulence Attributes and Their Interplay with Host Immune Defenses

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