<p>Drug related characteristics of HIV patients who had ART treatment failures and success in Bale Zone hospitals, South East Ethiopia; 2015.</p

Abulie Takele (3204264)

Dabere Nigatu (3204267)

Demewoz Haile (532250)

Habtamu Demelash (3204270)

Ketema Gashaw (3204273)

Johnson, Jerral D.

McEachran, George Ray

Holloway, Rodney L.

Cooper, John N.

Texas A&M University

L-1350
SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROLLING ROSETTE,
INSECTS AND DISEASES ON
COMMERCIAL PECANS
Jerral D. Johnson, George Ray McEachern,
Rodney L. Holloway and John N. Cooper*
Health and vigor of pecan trees plus satisfactory
nut quality and yield depend on a well-planned and
executed pest control program. Losses from insects
and diseases can be greatly reduced by using effec-
tive grove management practices and by following
suggested control procedures.
Zinc Nutrition
Pecans require zinc for normal stem and leaf
growth. Trees not receiving zinc cannot produce the
plant growth hormone, indoleacetic acid, and short
clustered stems with small leaves result. This disorder
is known as zinc rosette. To correct zinc deficiency,
spray zinc on the foliage. Several zinc applications
early in the season are required for optimum stem
elongation and leaf expansion.
When and How to Spray
Preventing disease and insect losses requires strict
adherence to properly timed spray applications. Table
1 specifies when to apply sprays in relation to tree
development or pest occurrence. Thorough coverage
of trees with each application is essential. With con-
ventional, high-volume hydraulic sprayers, Y2 to 1
gallon of spray mixture per foot of tree height is a
general rule for the volume of finished spray required.
Maintain sprayer pressure at 300 to 400 pounds per
square inch. Low volume sprayers (mist blowers, air
blast sprayers, speed sprayers, etc.) utilize forced air
as the carrier to deliver a concentrated spray mix and
require proportionately less water. Concentrated
spraying saves water and time but not pesticides since
the same amount of pesticide is needed for each tree
to obtain control. Dilutions in the accompanying
table of pesticide suggestions are for conventional
hydraulic sprayers and aerial application. Adjust-
ments in water/pesticide ratios are necessary for other
types of equipment. Carefully follow the sprayer
manufacturer's directions for mixing spray materials
and calibration.
·Extension plant pathologist, Extension horticulturist, Extension
pesticide impact assessment specialist and Extension agent-
horticulture (pest management), The Texas A&M University
System.
Commercial pecan producers must be able to
recognize zinc rosette and major insect and disease
pest problems. Detailed information on pest recogni-
tion, potential damage and development of life his-
tory can be found in the Extension Service publica-
tions, B-1238, Pecan Insects of Texas or MP-1272,
Pecan Diseases which are available from your coun-
ty Extension agent.
Chemical Use Precautions
Select suggested materials for most effective, safe,
economical control. All suggested materials are poi-
sonous, but proper handling reduces the hazards asso-
ciated with use. Comply with manufacturers' label
directions for handling all toxic chemicals.
Residues. The Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has established pesticidal residue tolerances on
pecans. These regulations establish the amount of a
specific chemical that can be present in or on pecans
at harvest. Always consult the product label for spe-
cific restrictions, and be sure the pesticide used is
registered for use on pecans and is used only in ac-
cordance with specific application instructions.
Caution. All pesticides are poisonous to something;
some are poisonous to man, animals and nontarget
crops, etc. They should be used with caution and
stored out of reach of children, irresponsible persons,
livestock and household pets. Properly dispose of left-
over spray materials and containers.
Pesticide Drift. Avoid drift to adjoining agricultural
lands and take precautions against pond and stream
contamination.
Symptoms of Poisoning. Some symptoms of
pesticide poisoning are headaches, nausea, cramps,
blurred vision, weakness, muscular twitching and
diarrhea. If any of these symptoms occurs during or
following the handling of any pesticide, consult a
physician immediately.
Pollination and Bee Poisoning. Many agricultural
and horticultural crops depend upon insects for polli-
nation. Honey bee colonies are rented for pollination
of fruit trees, many vegetables, legume seeds and
Texas Agricultural Extension Service • The Texas A&M University System • Zerle L. Carpenter, Director • College Station, Texas
other crops. Bumble bees, alkali bees, alfalfa leafcut-
ting bees and other wild bee species provide essential
pollination in certain areas of Texas. Growers must
take special precautions to protect these beneficial in-
sects. The following suggestions are effective in reduc-
ing bee poisoning:
• Apply only "nonhazardous" pesticides to bloom-
ing crops where bees are foraging.
• Mow or shred orchard cover crop blooms before
applying pesticide.
• Apply hazardous pesticides only when bees are not
foraging. Use relatively nonhazardous pesticides
whenever possible.
• Do not apply or allow pesticides to drift over wild
bee nesting sites or honey bee colonies.
• Establish holding yards for honey bees at least 3
miles from orchard.
• Contact the beekeeper to l,'emove bees from the
area where bee losses are likely.
• Do not dump unused quantities of pesticides where
they might become a bee-poisoning hazard.
Relative Bee Hazard of Pesticides Suggested for
Commercial Pecans
Group 1 - Highly toxic at any time
azinphosmethyl (Guthion®)
carbaryl (Sevin®)
diazinon (Spectracide® or Diazinon®)
dimethoate (Cygon® or De-Fend®)
lindane
parathion
Group 2 - Hazardous if applied when bees are
actively foraging. Apply in late evening, preferably
when bees are not foraging.
endosulfan (Thiodan®)
fenvalerate (Pydrin®)
malathion
phosalone (Zolone®)
Group 3 - Relatively nontoxic. Make applications
in the late evening or early morning when bees are
not foraging.
Insecticides:
disulfoton (Di-Syston®) granules
oil sprays
sulfur
Fungicides:
benomyl (Benlate®)
dodine (Cyprex®)
thiophanate-methyl (Topsin - M®)
triphenyltin hydroxide (Du-Ter®, Super Tin 4L®
and Triple Tin®)
Foliar nutrients:
zinc sulfate
NZN
NZS
Aerial Application of Fungicides and Insecticides.
Aerial application of fungicides and/or insecticides
either by fixed wing or rotary aircraft has not proven
as effective as ground applications. It can be used dur-
ing unfavorable weather conditions which prevent use
of ground equipment. When weather conditions im- /
prove, respray the area with ground equipment if
disease is severe. Aerial applications are generally not
successful on pecans because of tree height, density
of leaf canopy and requirements for maximum cover-
age to achieve satisfactory control.
Alternate Fungicides in the Spray Program
To avoid the possibility of developing races of fungi
that cannot be controlled with a particular fungicide,
rotate fungicides during the season. Because of the
extensive use of Benlate® in the southeastern states for
controlling pecan scab, fungicide-resistant strains
have developed. To prevent this from occurring in
Texas, rotate fungicides such as Du-Ter®, Super Tin
4L®, Triple Tin® or CypreX® with Benlate® or Topsin-
M®.
Suggestions made by the Texas Agricultural Extension
Service and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station on
the use of pesticides are based on:
• Effectiveness under Texas conditions
• Avoidance of residues in excess of allowable tolerances
• Avoidance of toxicity to desirable vegetation, animals
and humans
• Avoidance of adverse side effects upon beneficial
predators, parasites, honey bees, fish and other wildlife,
plants, animals and humans.
Suggested pesticides must be registered and labeled for
use by the EPA and the Texas Department of Agriculture
(TDA). Pesticides listed in this publication reflect use and
restriction information from company labels at the time of
printing. County Extension agents and appropriate spe-
cialists are advised of changes as they occur. The USER
always is responsible for the effects of pesticide residues on
livestock and crops, as well as problems that can arise from
drift or movement of the pesticide from the user's property
to that of others.
Three of the insecticides listed in this publication -
lindane, fenvalerate and azinphosmethyl - are classified
as restricted-use pesticides by the EPA. Restricted-use
pesticides can only be applied by or under the direct super-
vision of a certified applicator. Persons who need to become
certified should contact their county Extension agent or the
TDA regarding training and certif~cation procedures.
Always read and carefully follow the instructions on the
container label. For further information, contact your coun-
ty Extension agent or the Extension agricultural chemist,
Texas A&M University (409) 845-3849.
Table 1. Suggestions for controlling rosette, insects and diseases on commercial pecans.
Concentrate Number
per 100 gal of days
Pesticide water unless from last
Time of and otherwise application
application Insects and diseases formulation 1 stated to harvest Remarks
dormant scale and phylloxera (galls) dormant oil 4 gal 0 For phylloxera, spray tree trunk and branches
(winter) 97% oil emulsion thoroughly with dormant oil emulsion.
bud break phylloxera (Where a history of phylloxera endosulfan (Thiodan@) See remarks Endosulfan-Do not graze livestock in treated
damage indicates a need for control, apply a 50% WP 1 to 1 1/2 Ib groves. Do not apply after shuck split.
labeled insecticide at bud break when growth is 33.7% EC 2/3 to 1 qt
1 to 2 in long.)
or
lindane (Lindane E-1@) See remarks Lindane-(restricted-use pesticide)-Do not
12.5% EC 1 1/2 pt graze treated areas. Make only one application.
Do not apply more than 450 gal of finished
or spray per acre.
malathion Malathion-No grazing restrictions. May be
25% WP 3 Ib 0 applied up to the day of harvest.
or
phosalone (Zolone@) See remarks Phosa/one-Do not graze livestock in treated
34.4% EC 1 1/3 pt groves. Do not apply after shuck split.
pecan scab, vein spot and downy spot benomyl (Benlate@) See remarks Benomy/-Use the higher rates on trees
50% WP Ground: more than 30 feet in height. Repeat application
1/2 to 1 Ib/acre at 3- to 4-week intervals. Use close intervals
Aerial: during prolonged periods of high humidity.
1 Iblacre Benomyl is also registered for use against
fungal leaf scorch. Do not apply after shucks
or begin to open.
dodine (Cyprex@) See remarks Dodine-May cause foliage burn on Moore, Van
65% WP Ground: Deman and Burkett varieties when used in com-
1/2 to 1 Ib bination with certain phosphate insecticides.
Aerial: Also registered for use against leaf blotch.
2 to 4 Ib/20 gal Repeat at 2- to 3-week intervals. Do not apply
waterlacre after shucks begin to open. Do not graze
treated areas.
or
thiophanate-methyl See remarks Thiophanate-methyl-Use higher rate on trees
(Topsin-M@) more than 30 feet in height. Apply at 3- to 4-
70% WP Ground: week intervals. Do not apply when shucks
8 to 16 oz/acre begin to open.
Aerial:
160z/acre
or
triphenyltin hydroxide See remarks Tripheny/tin hydroxide-Use lower rate when
(Du-Ter®or Triple Tin@) disease pressure is not severe. Repeat applica-
47% or 47.5% WP Ground: tion at 2- to 4-week intervals. During prolonged
3.2 to 9.6 oz periods of high humidity use the shorter inter-
Aerial: val. Do not apply after shucks begin to open.
3/4 to 1 1/2 'bl Results from other states indicate that this
20 gal group of materials is the most effective against
or water/acre downy spot. Also cleared for use on sooty mold
and leaf blotch. Do not graze treated areas.
triphenyltin hydroxiide See remarks
(Du-Ter Flowable 30@)
19.7% F Ground:
7 to 19 fI oz
Aerial:
24 to 48 fl oz/20
or gal water/acre
triphenyltin hydroxiide See remarks
(Super Tin 4L@
or Triple Tin 4L~»)
40% F Ground:
3 to 9 fl oz
Aerial:
11.4 to 22.8 fl
oz/20 gal
waterlacre
rosette zinc sulfate 0 The bud break spray of zinc is extremely impor-
36% WP 2 to 31b tant in Texas. In far West Texas, increase zinc
sulfate absorption by adding 3 pt of a 32%
or liquid nitrogen per 100 gal water when zinc sul-
fate is used. Do not use any zinc product at
NZN@ 0 higher strength since foliage burn can result.
5.5% liquid 1 1/4 to 2 1/2 qt
or
NZS@ 0
6.25% WP 2 to 31b
Prepollination sawfly larvae, May beetles, pecan catocala, fall See remarks An insecticide may be required some years to
(when leaves are webworm, walnut caterpillar control spring foliage feeders. If present in dam-
one-third grown aging numbers, select an appropriate insecti-
and before pollen cide from those listed for the casebearer spray
is shed) below. For pest identification refer to B-1238,
Pecan Insects of Texas.
Diseases (same as bud break) Fungicides same als Same as bud break
bud break
rosette Zinc formulations Siame Same as bud break
as bud break
Casebearer (soon First generation pecan nut casebearer (Eggs azinphosmethyl (GUJthion~ See remarks Azinphosmethy/-(restricted-use pesticide)-00
after pollination) are deposited on tips of nuts. Examine nutlet 50% WP 3/4 to 1 1/8 Ib not apply after shuck split. Do not graze live-
clusters for greenish white eggs. Spray trees 22.2% EC 1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt stock in treated groves for 21 days following
thoroughly when egg hatch is occurring.) 22% EC (2S) 1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt treatment.
or
diazinon See remarks Diazinon-Do not apply after shuck split.
50% WP 2 to 6 Iblacre
48% EC 1 to 4 qUaere
or
~ndosulfan (Thiodam@) See remarks Endosulfan-Do not graze livestock in treated
50% WP 1 to 1 1/2 Ib groves. Do not apply after shuck split.
Table 1. Suggestions for controlling rosette, insects and diseases on commercial pecans (continued).
Time of
application
Casebearer (soon
after pollination)
First cover spray:
14 days after
casebearer spray
Second cover
spray: 14 days
after first cover
spray
Insects and diseases
First generation pecan nut casebearer
Diseases (same as bud break)
rosette
Foliage and nut diseases (scab, liver spot,
powdery mildew and brown leaf spot)
rosette
Diseases (same as first cover spray)
rosette
Pesticide
and
formulation1
or
fenvalerate (Pydrin@)
30% EC
or
malathion
25% WP
or
phosalone (Zolone@)
34.4% EC
Fungicides same as
bud break
Zinc formulations same
as bud break
Fungicides same as
bud break
Zinc formulations same
as bud break
Fungicides same as
bud break
Zinc formulations same
as bud break
Concentrate
per 100 gal
water unless
otherwise
stated
2213 fl oz
3 Ib
1 1/3 pt
Number
of days
from last
application
to harvest
See remarks
o
See remarks
Remarks
Fenvalerate-(restricted-use pesticide)-Do not
graze livestock in treated orchards. Do not ex-
ceed four sprays per season.
Malathion-No grazing restrictions. May be
applied up to the day of harvest.
Phosalone-Do not apply after shuck split. Do
not allow livestock to graze treated grove.
Same as bud break
Same as bud break
This application may be required in areas of
moderate to high rainfall.
Same as bud break
This application may be required in areas of
moderate to high rainfall.
Same as bud break
Early to mid-July Second generation pecan nut casebearer
(approximately 42
days after the first
generation pecan
nut casebearer
spray)
Diseases (same as second cover spray)
rosette
When present in aphids
damaging num-
bers. Yellow
aphids usually
require treating
when they exceed
15 per compound
leaf in the arid
west and eight
per compound
leaf in the humid
east. Treat black
aphids when they
exceed three per
compound leaf.
Insecticides same as for
first generation pecan nut
casebearer
Fungicides same as
bud break
Zinc formulations same
as bud break
dimethoate (De-Fend
or Cygon@)
30.5% EC
43.5% EC
or
fenvalerate (Pydrin@)
30% EC
or
malathion
25% WP
or
1 ptlacre
2/3 ptlacre
2213 fI oz
3 Ib
See remarks
under first
generation
pecan nut
casebearer
spray
21
See remarks
o
Growers should survey nut clusters for eggs.
Apply insecticide when eggs begin hatching.
Inspect a minimum of 400 clusters and spray
if 1% or more of the clusters have eggs on
them.
Same as bud break
Same as bud break
Dimethoate-Do not graze livestock in treated
groves. May be applied by air in minimum of 5
gal finished spray per acre.
Fenvalerate-(restricted-use pesticide)-Do not
graze livestock in treated orchards. Do not ex-
ceed four sprays per season.
Malathion-No grazing restrictions. May be
applied up to the day of harvest.
Water stage
(late July)
Third cover spray:
(early to mid-
August)
Shell hardening
stage
Gel stage
Foliage and nut diseases (same as first cover
spray)
Fall foliage and nut diseases (scab)
Damaging populations of hickory shuckworm
generally observed in mid-August. Begin appli-
cations at half-shell hardening. Sample shell
hardening beginning in early August for a cross
section of varieties. Spray when more than half
the varieties have reached the half-shell harden-
ing stage. Make a second application 10 to 14
days later.
Pecan weevil adults emerge in late summer
usually after rains. Begin checking after the first
week in August by spreading canvas beneath
trees and jarring lower branches. When adult
weevils are found, apply a spray; Repeat appli-
plication as needed at 10- to 14-day intervals.
Cone emergence cages can also be used to in-
dicate time of adult emergence. See L-1808,
Sampling for Adult Pecan Weevils in Texas.
phosalone (Zolone@)
34.4% EC
Fungicides same as
bud break
Fungicides same as
bud break
azinphosmethyl (Guthionl!)
50% WP
22.2% EC (2L)
22% EC (2S)
or
fenvalerate (Pydrin®)
30% EC
or
phosalone (Zolone@)
34.4% EC
carbaryl (Sevin@)
80% S (80S)
43.4% F (XLR)
43% F (SL)
1 1/3 pt
3/4 to 1 1/81b
1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt
1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt
2213 fl oz
1 1/3 pt
2 to 31b
1 to 2 1/2 qt
1 to 2 1/2 qt
See remarks
See remarks
See remarks
21
See remarks
See remarks
See remarks
Phosalone-See remarks under first generation
pecan nut casebearer spray.
Time this application with the liquid endosperm
stage of nut development. Do not apply any
funQicide after shuck split.
May be required during years of high rainfall or
periods of excessive fog, dew or high humidity.
Do not apply any fungicide after shuck split.
Azinphosmethyl-(restricted-use pesticide)-See
remarks under first generation pecan nut
casebearer spray.
Fenvalerate-See remarks under first genera-
tion pecan nut casebearer spray.
Phosalone-See remarks under first generation
pecan nut casebearer spray.
Carbaryl-Do not apply after shuck split. Appli-
cations of carbaryl may cause flare-ups in aphid
and mite populations. Survey orchards for
aphids and mites 7 to 14 days following
carbaryl applications.
'Pesticides listed alphabetically
WP-wettable powder EC-emulsifiable concentrate G-granular F-f1owable S-sprayable
For additional information, see B-1238, Pecan Insects of Texas or MP-1272, Pecan Diseases.
The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the
understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service serve people of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, handicap or national origin.
Cooperative Extension Work in Agricultute and Home Economics, The Texas A&M University System and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. Distributed in furtherance
of the Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, and June 30, 1914.
20M-3-84, Revision ENTO, HORT, PS


English

Suggestions for Controlling Cotton Insects and Diseases on Commercial Pecans.

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Drug related characteristics of HIV patients who had ART treatment failures and success in Bale Zone hospitals, South East Ethiopia; 2015.

Texas A&amp;M Repository

L-1350SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROLLING ROSETTE,INSECTS AND DISEASES ONCOMMERCIAL PECANSJerral D. Johnson, George Ray McEachern,Rodney L. Holloway and John N. Cooper*Health and vigor of pecan trees plus satisfactorynut quality and yield depend on a well-planned andexecuted pest control program. Losses from insectsand diseases can be greatly reduced by using effec-tive grove management practices and by followingsuggested control procedures.Zinc NutritionPecans require zinc for normal stem and leafgrowth. Trees not receiving zinc cannot produce theplant growth hormone, indoleacetic acid, and shortclustered stems with small leaves result. This disorderis known as zinc rosette. To correct zinc deficiency,spray zinc on the foliage. Several zinc applicationsearly in the season are required for optimum stemelongation and leaf expansion.When and How to SprayPreventing disease and insect losses requires strictadherence to properly timed spray applications. Table1 specifies when to apply sprays in relation to treedevelopment or pest occurrence. Thorough coverageof trees with each application is essential. With con-ventional, high-volume hydraulic sprayers, Y2 to 1gallon of spray mixture per foot of tree height is ageneral rule for the volume of finished spray required.Maintain sprayer pressure at 300 to 400 pounds persquare inch. Low volume sprayers (mist blowers, airblast sprayers, speed sprayers, etc.) utilize forced airas the carrier to deliver a concentrated spray mix andrequire proportionately less water. Concentratedspraying saves water and time but not pesticides sincethe same amount of pesticide is needed for each treeto obtain control. Dilutions in the accompanyingtable of pesticide suggestions are for conventionalhydraulic sprayers and aerial application. Adjust-ments in water/pesticide ratios are necessary for othertypes of equipment. Carefully follow the sprayermanufacturer's directions for mixing spray materialsand calibration.·Extension plant pathologist, Extension horticulturist, Extensionpesticide impact assessment specialist and Extension agent-horticulture (pest management), The Texas A&M UniversitySystem.Commercial pecan producers must be able torecognize zinc rosette and major insect and diseasepest problems. Detailed information on pest recogni-tion, potential damage and development of life his-tory can be found in the Extension Service publica-tions, B-1238, Pecan Insects of Texas or MP-1272,Pecan Diseases which are available from your coun-ty Extension agent.Chemical Use PrecautionsSelect suggested materials for most effective, safe,economical control. All suggested materials are poi-sonous, but proper handling reduces the hazards asso-ciated with use. Comply with manufacturers' labeldirections for handling all toxic chemicals.Residues. The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) has established pesticidal residue tolerances onpecans. These regulations establish the amount of aspecific chemical that can be present in or on pecansat harvest. Always consult the product label for spe-cific restrictions, and be sure the pesticide used isregistered for use on pecans and is used only in ac-cordance with specific application instructions.Caution. All pesticides are poisonous to something;some are poisonous to man, animals and nontargetcrops, etc. They should be used with caution andstored out of reach of children, irresponsible persons,livestock and household pets. Properly dispose of left-over spray materials and containers.Pesticide Drift. Avoid drift to adjoining agriculturallands and take precautions against pond and streamcontamination.Symptoms of Poisoning. Some symptoms ofpesticide poisoning are headaches, nausea, cramps,blurred vision, weakness, muscular twitching anddiarrhea. If any of these symptoms occurs during orfollowing the handling of any pesticide, consult aphysician immediately.Pollination and Bee Poisoning. Many agriculturaland horticultural crops depend upon insects for polli-nation. Honey bee colonies are rented for pollinationof fruit trees, many vegetables, legume seeds andTexas Agricultural Extension Service • The Texas A&M University System • Zerle L. Carpenter, Director • College Station, Texasother crops. Bumble bees, alkali bees, alfalfa leafcut-ting bees and other wild bee species provide essentialpollination in certain areas of Texas. Growers musttake special precautions to protect these beneficial in-sects. The following suggestions are effective in reduc-ing bee poisoning:• Apply only "nonhazardous" pesticides to bloom-ing crops where bees are foraging.• Mow or shred orchard cover crop blooms beforeapplying pesticide.• Apply hazardous pesticides only when bees are notforaging. Use relatively nonhazardous pesticideswhenever possible.• Do not apply or allow pesticides to drift over wildbee nesting sites or honey bee colonies.• Establish holding yards for honey bees at least 3miles from orchard.• Contact the beekeeper to l,'emove bees from thearea where bee losses are likely.• Do not dump unused quantities of pesticides wherethey might become a bee-poisoning hazard.Relative Bee Hazard of Pesticides Suggested forCommercial PecansGroup 1 - Highly toxic at any timeazinphosmethyl (Guthion®)carbaryl (Sevin®)diazinon (Spectracide® or Diazinon®)dimethoate (Cygon® or De-Fend®)lindaneparathionGroup 2 - Hazardous if applied when bees areactively foraging. Apply in late evening, preferablywhen bees are not foraging.endosulfan (Thiodan®)fenvalerate (Pydrin®)malathionphosalone (Zolone®)Group 3 - Relatively nontoxic. Make applicationsin the late evening or early morning when bees arenot foraging.Insecticides:disulfoton (Di-Syston®) granulesoil sprayssulfurFungicides:benomyl (Benlate®)dodine (Cyprex®)thiophanate-methyl (Topsin - M®)triphenyltin hydroxide (Du-Ter®, Super Tin 4L®and Triple Tin®)Foliar nutrients:zinc sulfateNZNNZSAerial Application of Fungicides and Insecticides.Aerial application of fungicides and/or insecticideseither by fixed wing or rotary aircraft has not provenas effective as ground applications. It can be used dur-ing unfavorable weather conditions which prevent useof ground equipment. When weather conditions im- /prove, respray the area with ground equipment ifdisease is severe. Aerial applications are generally notsuccessful on pecans because of tree height, densityof leaf canopy and requirements for maximum cover-age to achieve satisfactory control.Alternate Fungicides in the Spray ProgramTo avoid the possibility of developing races of fungithat cannot be controlled with a particular fungicide,rotate fungicides during the season. Because of theextensive use of Benlate® in the southeastern states forcontrolling pecan scab, fungicide-resistant strainshave developed. To prevent this from occurring inTexas, rotate fungicides such as Du-Ter®, Super Tin4L®, Triple Tin® or CypreX® with Benlate® or Topsin-M®.Suggestions made by the Texas Agricultural ExtensionService and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station onthe use of pesticides are based on:• Effectiveness under Texas conditions• Avoidance of residues in excess of allowable tolerances• Avoidance of toxicity to desirable vegetation, animalsand humans• Avoidance of adverse side effects upon beneficialpredators, parasites, honey bees, fish and other wildlife,plants, animals and humans.Suggested pesticides must be registered and labeled foruse by the EPA and the Texas Department of Agriculture(TDA). Pesticides listed in this publication reflect use andrestriction information from company labels at the time ofprinting. County Extension agents and appropriate spe-cialists are advised of changes as they occur. The USERalways is responsible for the effects of pesticide residues onlivestock and crops, as well as problems that can arise fromdrift or movement of the pesticide from the user's propertyto that of others.Three of the insecticides listed in this publication -lindane, fenvalerate and azinphosmethyl - are classifiedas restricted-use pesticides by the EPA. Restricted-usepesticides can only be applied by or under the direct super-vision of a certified applicator. Persons who need to becomecertified should contact their county Extension agent or theTDA regarding training and certif~cation procedures.Always read and carefully follow the instructions on thecontainer label. For further information, contact your coun-ty Extension agent or the Extension agricultural chemist,Texas A&M University (409) 845-3849.Table 1. Suggestions for controlling rosette, insects and diseases on commercial pecans.Concentrate Numberper 100 gal of daysPesticide water unless from lastTime of and otherwise applicationapplication Insects and diseases formulation 1 stated to harvest Remarksdormant scale and phylloxera (galls) dormant oil 4 gal 0 For phylloxera, spray tree trunk and branches(winter) 97% oil emulsion thoroughly with dormant oil emulsion.bud break phylloxera (Where a history of phylloxera endosulfan (Thiodan@) See remarks Endosulfan-Do not graze livestock in treateddamage indicates a need for control, apply a 50% WP 1 to 1 1/2 Ib groves. Do not apply after shuck split.labeled insecticide at bud break when growth is 33.7% EC 2/3 to 1 qt1 to 2 in long.)orlindane (Lindane E-1@) See remarks Lindane-(restricted-use pesticide)-Do not12.5% EC 1 1/2 pt graze treated areas. Make only one application.Do not apply more than 450 gal of finishedor spray per acre.malathion Malathion-No grazing restrictions. May be25% WP 3 Ib 0 applied up to the day of harvest.orphosalone (Zolone@) See remarks Phosa/one-Do not graze livestock in treated34.4% EC 1 1/3 pt groves. Do not apply after shuck split.pecan scab, vein spot and downy spot benomyl (Benlate@) See remarks Benomy/-Use the higher rates on trees50% WP Ground: more than 30 feet in height. Repeat application1/2 to 1 Ib/acre at 3- to 4-week intervals. Use close intervalsAerial: during prolonged periods of high humidity.1 Iblacre Benomyl is also registered for use againstfungal leaf scorch. Do not apply after shucksor begin to open.dodine (Cyprex@) See remarks Dodine-May cause foliage burn on Moore, Van65% WP Ground: Deman and Burkett varieties when used in com-1/2 to 1 Ib bination with certain phosphate insecticides.Aerial: Also registered for use against leaf blotch.2 to 4 Ib/20 gal Repeat at 2- to 3-week intervals. Do not applywaterlacre after shucks begin to open. Do not grazetreated areas.orthiophanate-methyl See remarks Thiophanate-methyl-Use higher rate on trees(Topsin-M@) more than 30 feet in height. Apply at 3- to 4-70% WP Ground: week intervals. Do not apply when shucks8 to 16 oz/acre begin to open.Aerial:160z/acreortriphenyltin hydroxide See remarks Tripheny/tin hydroxide-Use lower rate when(Du-Ter®or Triple Tin@) disease pressure is not severe. Repeat applica-47% or 47.5% WP Ground: tion at 2- to 4-week intervals. During prolonged3.2 to 9.6 oz periods of high humidity use the shorter inter-Aerial: val. Do not apply after shucks begin to open.3/4 to 1 1/2 'bl Results from other states indicate that this20 gal group of materials is the most effective againstor water/acre downy spot. Also cleared for use on sooty moldand leaf blotch. Do not graze treated areas.triphenyltin hydroxiide See remarks(Du-Ter Flowable 30@)19.7% F Ground:7 to 19 fI ozAerial:24 to 48 fl oz/20or gal water/acretriphenyltin hydroxiide See remarks(Super Tin 4L@or Triple Tin 4L~»)40% F Ground:3 to 9 fl ozAerial:11.4 to 22.8 floz/20 galwaterlacrerosette zinc sulfate 0 The bud break spray of zinc is extremely impor-36% WP 2 to 31b tant in Texas. In far West Texas, increase zincsulfate absorption by adding 3 pt of a 32%or liquid nitrogen per 100 gal water when zinc sul-fate is used. Do not use any zinc product atNZN@ 0 higher strength since foliage burn can result.5.5% liquid 1 1/4 to 2 1/2 qtorNZS@ 06.25% WP 2 to 31bPrepollination sawfly larvae, May beetles, pecan catocala, fall See remarks An insecticide may be required some years to(when leaves are webworm, walnut caterpillar control spring foliage feeders. If present in dam-one-third grown aging numbers, select an appropriate insecti-and before pollen cide from those listed for the casebearer sprayis shed) below. For pest identification refer to B-1238,Pecan Insects of Texas.Diseases (same as bud break) Fungicides same als Same as bud breakbud breakrosette Zinc formulations Siame Same as bud breakas bud breakCasebearer (soon First generation pecan nut casebearer (Eggs azinphosmethyl (GUJthion~ See remarks Azinphosmethy/-(restricted-use pesticide)-00after pollination) are deposited on tips of nuts. Examine nutlet 50% WP 3/4 to 1 1/8 Ib not apply after shuck split. Do not graze live-clusters for greenish white eggs. Spray trees 22.2% EC 1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt stock in treated groves for 21 days followingthoroughly when egg hatch is occurring.) 22% EC (2S) 1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt treatment.ordiazinon See remarks Diazinon-Do not apply after shuck split.50% WP 2 to 6 Iblacre48% EC 1 to 4 qUaereor~ndosulfan (Thiodam@) See remarks Endosulfan-Do not graze livestock in treated50% WP 1 to 1 1/2 Ib groves. Do not apply after shuck split.Table 1. Suggestions for controlling rosette, insects and diseases on commercial pecans (continued).Time ofapplicationCasebearer (soonafter pollination)First cover spray:14 days aftercasebearer spraySecond coverspray: 14 daysafter first coversprayInsects and diseasesFirst generation pecan nut casebearerDiseases (same as bud break)rosetteFoliage and nut diseases (scab, liver spot,powdery mildew and brown leaf spot)rosetteDiseases (same as first cover spray)rosettePesticideandformulation1orfenvalerate (Pydrin@)30% ECormalathion25% WPorphosalone (Zolone@)34.4% ECFungicides same asbud breakZinc formulations sameas bud breakFungicides same asbud breakZinc formulations sameas bud breakFungicides same asbud breakZinc formulations sameas bud breakConcentrateper 100 galwater unlessotherwisestated2213 fl oz3 Ib1 1/3 ptNumberof daysfrom lastapplicationto harvestSee remarksoSee remarksRemarksFenvalerate-(restricted-use pesticide)-Do notgraze livestock in treated orchards. Do not ex-ceed four sprays per season.Malathion-No grazing restrictions. May beapplied up to the day of harvest.Phosalone-Do not apply after shuck split. Donot allow livestock to graze treated grove.Same as bud breakSame as bud breakThis application may be required in areas ofmoderate to high rainfall.Same as bud breakThis application may be required in areas ofmoderate to high rainfall.Same as bud breakEarly to mid-July Second generation pecan nut casebearer(approximately 42days after the firstgeneration pecannut casebearerspray)Diseases (same as second cover spray)rosetteWhen present in aphidsdamaging num-bers. Yellowaphids usuallyrequire treatingwhen they exceed15 per compoundleaf in the aridwest and eightper compoundleaf in the humideast. Treat blackaphids when theyexceed three percompound leaf.Insecticides same as forfirst generation pecan nutcasebearerFungicides same asbud breakZinc formulations sameas bud breakdimethoate (De-Fendor Cygon@)30.5% EC43.5% ECorfenvalerate (Pydrin@)30% ECormalathion25% WPor1 ptlacre2/3 ptlacre2213 fI oz3 IbSee remarksunder firstgenerationpecan nutcasebearerspray21See remarksoGrowers should survey nut clusters for eggs.Apply insecticide when eggs begin hatching.Inspect a minimum of 400 clusters and sprayif 1% or more of the clusters have eggs onthem.Same as bud breakSame as bud breakDimethoate-Do not graze livestock in treatedgroves. May be applied by air in minimum of 5gal finished spray per acre.Fenvalerate-(restricted-use pesticide)-Do notgraze livestock in treated orchards. Do not ex-ceed four sprays per season.Malathion-No grazing restrictions. May beapplied up to the day of harvest.Water stage(late July)Third cover spray:(early to mid-August)Shell hardeningstageGel stageFoliage and nut diseases (same as first coverspray)Fall foliage and nut diseases (scab)Damaging populations of hickory shuckwormgenerally observed in mid-August. Begin appli-cations at half-shell hardening. Sample shellhardening beginning in early August for a crosssection of varieties. Spray when more than halfthe varieties have reached the half-shell harden-ing stage. Make a second application 10 to 14days later.Pecan weevil adults emerge in late summerusually after rains. Begin checking after the firstweek in August by spreading canvas beneathtrees and jarring lower branches. When adultweevils are found, apply a spray; Repeat appli-plication as needed at 10- to 14-day intervals.Cone emergence cages can also be used to in-dicate time of adult emergence. See L-1808,Sampling for Adult Pecan Weevils in Texas.phosalone (Zolone@)34.4% ECFungicides same asbud breakFungicides same asbud breakazinphosmethyl (Guthionl!)50% WP22.2% EC (2L)22% EC (2S)orfenvalerate (Pydrin®)30% ECorphosalone (Zolone@)34.4% ECcarbaryl (Sevin@)80% S (80S)43.4% F (XLR)43% F (SL)1 1/3 pt3/4 to 1 1/81b1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt1 1/2 to 2 1/4 pt2213 fl oz1 1/3 pt2 to 31b1 to 2 1/2 qt1 to 2 1/2 qtSee remarksSee remarksSee remarks21See remarksSee remarksSee remarksPhosalone-See remarks under first generationpecan nut casebearer spray.Time this application with the liquid endospermstage of nut development. Do not apply anyfunQicide after shuck split.May be required during years of high rainfall orperiods of excessive fog, dew or high humidity.Do not apply any fungicide after shuck split.Azinphosmethyl-(restricted-use pesticide)-Seeremarks under first generation pecan nutcasebearer spray.Fenvalerate-See remarks under first genera-tion pecan nut casebearer spray.Phosalone-See remarks under first generationpecan nut casebearer spray.Carbaryl-Do not apply after shuck split. Appli-cations of carbaryl may cause flare-ups in aphidand mite populations. Survey orchards foraphids and mites 7 to 14 days followingcarbaryl applications.'Pesticides listed alphabeticallyWP-wettable powder EC-emulsifiable concentrate G-granular F-f1owable S-sprayableFor additional information, see B-1238, Pecan Insects of Texas or MP-1272, Pecan Diseases.The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with theunderstanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service serve people of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, handicap or national origin.Cooperative Extension Work in Agricultute and Home Economics, The Texas A&M University System and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. Distributed in furtheranceof the Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, and June 30, 1914.20M-3-84, Revision ENTO, HORT, PS

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