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research
The representation of snow in land surface schemes: results from PILPS 2(d)
Authors
Aaron Boone
Harald Braden
+32 more
F. Chen
Peter M. Cox
Yongjiu Dai
Patricia De Rosnay
C. E. Desborough
Robert E. Dickinson
Qingyun Duan
J. Entin
Pierre Etchevers
Nicola Gedney
Yevgeniy M. Gusev
Florence Habets
Ann Henderson-Sellers
Jinwon Kim
V. Koren
Eva Kowalczyk
Ken Mitchell
Olga N. Nasonova
Joel Noilhan
Andrew Pitman
Alan Robock
John Schaake
C. Adam Schlosser
Andrey B. Shmakin
Andrew G. Slater
Tatiana G. Smirnova
Diana Verseghy
Konstantin Y. Vinnikov
Peter Wetzel
Yongkang Xue
Zong-Liang Yang
Qing-Cun Zeng
Publication date
1 January 2001
Publisher
'American Meteorological Society'
Doi
Abstract
Permission to place copies of these works on this server has been provided by the American Meteorological Society (AMS). The AMS does not guarantee that the copies provided here are accurate copies of the published work. © Copyright 2001 American Meteorological Society (AMS). Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is determined to be “fair use” under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC §108, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does not require the AMS’s permission. Republication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form on servers, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the above statement, requires written permission or a license from the AMS. Additional details are provided in the AMS Copyright Policy, available on the AMS Web site located at (http://www.ametsoc.org/AMS) or from the AMS at 617-227-2425 or
[email protected]
land surface schemes (LSSs) performed simulations forced by 18 yr of observed meteorological data from a grassland catchment at Valdai, Russia, as part of the Project for the Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(d). In this paper the authors examine the simulation of snow. In comparison with observations, the models are able to capture the broad features of the snow regime on both an intra- and interannual basis. However, weaknesses in the simulations exist, and early season ablation events are a significant source of model scatter. Over the 18-yr simulation, systematic differences between the models’ snow simulations are evident and reveal specific aspects of snow model parameterization and design as being responsible. Vapor exchange at the snow surface varies widely among the models, ranging from a large net loss to a small net source for the snow season. Snow albedo, fractional snow cover, and their interplay have a large effect on energy available for ablation, with differences among models most evident at low snow depths. The incorporation of the snowpack within an LSS structure affects the method by which snow accesses, as well as utilizes, available energy for ablation. The sensitivity of some models to longwave radiation, the dominant winter radiative flux, is partly due to a stability-induced feedback and the differing abilities of models to exchange turbulent energy with the atmosphere. Results presented in this paper suggest where weaknesses in macroscale snow modeling lie and where both theoretical and observational work should be focused to address these weaknesses
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