Helenius, Juha

Koppelmäki, Kari

Parviainen, Tuure

Virkkunen, Elina

Jukuri

Agroecological symbiosis (AES) - food system redesign for bioenergy and recycling  Juha Helenius1, Kari Koppelmäki1, Tuure Parviainen1 & Elina Virkkunen2  1University of Helsinki, Agroecology Research Group 2LUKE Natural Resources Institute Finland Acknowledgement Markus Eerola & Knehtilä Farm, Peter Zukale & Samsara Bakery, Jukka Kivelä (UH), Sophia Albov (UH), Erika Winquist (LUKE), Ari-Matti Seppänen (UH & LUKE), Rogier Schulte (WUR), the many co-reators in Hyvinkää and in Mäntsälä, steering group members, RAKI-recycling program of the Ministry of Environment 2 3 ”nature” = infinite resource “Food chain”: open ended, distanced, insensitive of place, globalizing, corporated, …    Farming Processing Marketing Households - Consumers 4 ””The European food chain funnel”  (Source: Poux et al. 2016. Transition scenarios to agroecology in Europe: relevance and challenges of a fundamental contribution to the EU debate on agriculture and environment, IDDRI & European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism. Fig. 3. 6 Symbiosis (mutually beneficial) non-obligatory co-existence  fungi + algae = lichen 7 Industrial Ecology • ecosystems as models for industrial systems  • no ”waste”, only (recyclable) resources  – by-products, material flows from one process to another  – form cradle to cradle  8 Industrial Symbiosis Chertow, M.R. 2000. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 25: 313-317. • spatial proximity of production partners in an ecoindustrial system  – possibility to maximize material and energy efficiency – enhanced interaction  9 Agroecological Symbiosis (AES) • the idea of industrial symbiosis applied in food system – equality among the actors – from linear, open-ended to cyclic – from uniformity to diversity – from centralized to distributed  – from global to local & situated – from unidentifiable to identifiable food – from consumerism to food citizenship 10 Circular food system:  socio-ecologically situated food cycle  Community members producing Community members cooking Community members marketing Community members  sharing the meal 11 12 Biogas plant Units: MWh/a Methane refining Bakery Electr. grid Farming operations BIOMETHANE BIOGAS  HARVESTED BIOMASS FROM LAYS  Heat prod. BIOGAS     HEAT FOR THE PROCESS     BIOGAS     BOUGHT ELECTRICITY     BIOMETHANE FOR SALE BIOGAS     HORSE DRY MANURE L  CHICKEN DRY MANURE L  13 Farm operations P t/a: import 1.0,  export 1.8 (negative balance, mining excess soil P)      Sales of plant production Bakery Biogas plant Horse manure Chicken manure 14 Nitrogen and Phosphorous balances and nutrient use efficiency for arable land in the CS and AES -models. Uncertainties in the brackets.  Source: Koppelmäki et al. 2018. N P   CS AES CS AES  Input 120 (95-144) 133 (110-156) 7.3 (6.4-8.1) 8.9 (8.1-9.7) BNF 96 (76-117) 77 (63-92) Manure/organic fertilizers  20 (17-23) - 7.3 (6.4-8.1) - Digestate 52 (44-60) 8.9 (8.1-9.7) Nitrogen deposition 3 (2-5) 3 (2-5) Output in harvested products 23 (19-27) 75 (62-87) 4.0 (3.3-4.6) 9.3 (7.8-10.7) Balance (surplus) 97 (76-117) 58 (44-72) 3.3 (4.8-1.8) -0.3 (-2.6-1.9) 15  AES and environment (source: Helenius et al. 2017)  Environmental variable Units Effect size and direction Reliability Nutrient loading to waterways Nitrogen loading kg/ha ++ high     kg/kg food +/- low   Phosphorus loading kg/ha + medium     kg/kg food +/- low   Erosion (solids) kg/ha + medium     kg/kg food +/- low Biodiversity Habitats   + high   Species   ++ high GHG emissions, CO2 eq Energy inputs  kg/ha +++ high     kg/kg food ++ high   N fertilizers kg/ha +++ high     kg/kg food +++ high   Farmland kg/ha + medium     kg/kg food +/- low Soil Soil organic matter SOM content  +++ high   Carbon in soil kg/ha ++ high 16 Why AES? 1. Ecological imperative: nutrient cycling, bioenergy, sustained productivity – genuine bio-economic and circular society model 2. Need for food security, food sovereignty – basic unit for a resilient, fair, and food securing global network of localized food systems 3. Desperate situation of farmers, largely also of food processors – prize margin keeps increasing: the circular localized model removes power inequality in the transaction chain 4. Peripherification of rural, “1oo ha loneliness” – a model to stop rural decline; a model resilient for future de-urbanization 5. Erosion of food cultures – restoration of linkage to origins of food: sense of food; diversification to local products 17 References: Chertow, M.R. 2000. Industrial symbiosis: literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 25: 313-317.   Helenius, J., K. Koppelmäki & E. Virkkunen (eds.) 2017.  Agroecological symbiosis in nutrient and energy self-sufficient food production. The Ministry of Environment Reports 18/2017. 66 p. (In Finnish with English abstract) (ISBN 978-952-11-4716-6) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-11-4716-6  Koppelmäki, K., M. Eerola, S. Albov, J. Kivelä, J. Helenius, E. Winquist & E. Virkkunen 2016. ’Palopuro Agroecological Symbiosis’ A pilot case study on local sustainable food and farming (Finland). In: P. Rytkönen & U. Hård (eds.) Challenges for the New Rurality in a Changing World. 7th Int. Conf. Localized Agri-Food Systems, 8-10 May 2016 Stockholm, Sweden. Proceedings, in COMREC Studies in Environment and Development 12: 171-172. ISSN 1652-2877, ISBN 978-91-980607-1-3 http://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:956067/FULLTEXT01.pdf   Kopelmäki, K., T. Parviainen, E. Virkkunen, E. Winquist, R.P.O. Schulte & J. Helenius 2018. Increasing environmental efficiency in organic farming and food processing by integrating bioenergy production into nutrient recycling. Manuscript (submitted to Agricultural Systems)  blog: http://blogs.helsinki.fi/palopuronsymbioosi/english/   18 Thank you. Photo: tiedebasaari.wordpress.com 19 

Agroecological symbiosis (AES) - food system redesign for bioenergy and recycling

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Agroecological symbiosis (AES) - food system redesign for bioenergy and recycling

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