Kangze Shen (4693657)

Ning Lin (477803)

Tianjun Xu (138445)

Ying Han (137520)

Yitai Qian (1427542)

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Figure S2 from Amorphous mesoporous GeO<i><sub>x</sub></i> anode for Na-ion batteries with high capacity and long lifespan

Menzel, C.

Fowler, A.

Tennie, C.

Call, J.

MPG.PuRe

Leaf Surface Roughness Elicits Leaf Swallowing Behavior in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Bonobos (P. paniscus), but not in Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) or Orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Researchers have described apparently self-medicative behaviors for a variety of nonhuman species including birds and primates. Wild chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas have been observed to swallow rough leaves without chewing, a behavior proposed to be self-medicative and to aid control of intestinal parasites. Researchers have hypothesized that the presence of hairs on the leaf surface elicits the behavior. We investigated the acquisition and the underlying mechanisms of leaf swallowing. We provided 42 captive great apes (24 chimpanzees, six bonobos, six gorillas, and six orangutans) with both rough-surfaced and hairless plants. None of the subjects had previously been observed to engage in leaf swallowing behavior and were therefore assumed na &lt;ve. Two chimpanzees and one bonobo swallowed rough-surfaced leaves spontaneously without chewing them. In a social setup six more chimpanzees acquired the behavior. None of the gorillas or orangutans showed leaf swallowing. Because this behavior occurred in na &lt;ve individuals, we conclude that it is part of the behavioral repertoire of chimpanzees and bonobos. Social learning is thus not strictly required for the acquisition of leaf swallowing, but it may still facilitate its expression. The fact that apes always chewed leaves of hairless control plants before swallowing, i.e., normal feeding behavior, indicates that the surface structure of leaves is indeed a determinant for initiating leaf swallowing in apes where it occurs.</p

Menzel, Claudia

Fowler, Andrew

Tennie, Claudio

Call, Josep

University of St. Andrews - Pure

Leaf Surface Roughness Elicits Leaf Swallowing Behavior in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Bonobos (P-paniscus), but not in Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) or Orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Researchers have described apparently self-medicative behaviors for a vari- ety of nonhuman species including birds and primates.Wild chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas have been observed to swallow rough leaves without chewing, a behavior proposed to be self-medicative and to aid control of intestinal parasites. Researchers have hypothesized that the presence of hairs on the leaf surface elicits the behavior.We investigated the acquisition and the underlying mechanisms of leaf swallowing. We provided 42 captive great apes (24 chimpanzees, six bonobos, six gorillas, and six orangutans) with both rough-surfaced and hairless plants. None of the subjects had previously been observed to engage in leaf swallowing behavior and were therefore assumed naïve. Two chimpanzees and one bonobo swallowed rough-surfaced leaves spontaneously without chewing them. In a social setup six more chimpanzees acquired the behavior. None of the gorillas or orangutans showed leaf swallowing. Because this behavior occurred in naïve individuals, we conclude that it is part of the behavioral repertoire of chimpanzees and bonobos. Social learning is thus not strictly required for the acquisition of leaf swallowing, but it may still facilitate its expression. The fact that apes always chewed leaves of hairless control plants before swallowing, i.e., normal feeding behavior, indicates that the surface structure of leaves is indeed a determinant for initiating leaf swallowing in apes where it occurs

University of Birmingham Research Portal

Claudia Menzel

Andrew Fowler

Claudio Tennie

Josep Call

Crossref

International Journal of Primatology

https://figshare.com/articles/Figure_S2_from_Amorphous_mesoporous_GeO_i_sub_x_sub_i_anode_for_Na-ion_batteries_with_high_capacity_and_long_lifespan/5716321

Figure S2 from Amorphous mesoporous GeO<i><sub>x</sub></i> anode for Na-ion batteries with high capacity and long lifespan

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University of St. Andrews - Pure

University of Birmingham Research Portal

University of Birmingham Research Portal

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MPG.PuRe

University of St. Andrews - Pure