This research has analyzed the photovoltaic technologies, Polycrystalline silicon, Monocrystalline Silicon, GIS, Cadmium Tellurium and Amorphous Silicon; in eight cities of the Colombian territory, in order to obtain a clear idea of what is the most appropriate for each city or region studied. PVsyst simulation software has been used to study in detail each photovoltaic technology, for an installed capacity of 100kW knowing the specific data of losses by temperature, mismatch, efficiency, wiring, angle inclination of the arrangement, among other

Acevedo, V.

Muñoz Maldonado, Yecid Alfonso

Ospino Castro, Adalberto Jose

Zafra, D.

English

Repositorio Digital CUC

      Analysis of energy production with different photovoltaic technologies in the Colombian geography. Y Muñoz1*, D Zafra2, V Acevedo3 and A Ospino4 1-2-3Research Group in Resources, Energy and Sustainability (GIRES), Faculty of Energy Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Bucaramanga, PC: 680003, Colombia. 4 Renewable Energy, Universidad de la Costa CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia.  E-mail: ymunoz294@unab.edu.co Abstract. This research has analyzed the photovoltaic technologies, Polycrystalline silicon, Monocrystalline Silicon, GIS, Cadmium Tellurium and Amorphous Silicon; in eight cities of the Colombian territory, in order to obtain a clear idea of what is the most appropriate for each city or region studied. PVsyst simulation software has been used to study in detail each photovoltaic technology, for an installed capacity of 100kW knowing the specific data of losses by temperature, mismatch, efficiency, wiring, angle inclination of the arrangement, among others 1.  Introduction Colombia is a country with a great diversity of scenarios in both climate and energy from the solar perspective. The cities are located in places ranging from almost desert, (Riohacha - Guajira) up to plateaus of low temperature (Tunja - Boyaca). An analysis of photovoltaic technologies in the different cities of the Colombian territory can give a clear idea of which photovoltaic technology is most suitable for each city or region studied. Using PVsyst simulation software, it is possible to study in detail each Photovoltaic (PV) technology [1], knowing specifics of losses by temperature, mismatch, efficiency, wiring, angle inclination of the array, among others, by analyzing the energy performance and not the area according to efficiency[2].   The selected cities have different characteristics in different areas of the country, climates, and hydrological conditions [3]. The selected zones in this study are:  • Arauca – Arauca. • Bahía Solano – Chocó. • Barranquilla – Atlántico. • Bogotá – Cundinamarca. • Bucaramanga – Santander. • Guajira. • Leticia – Amazonas. • Tunja – Boyacá                                                         1 *To whom any correspondence should be addressed. The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/012012Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distributionof this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1      This study shows that a photovoltaic system in a city with a low radiation can produce more energy per square meter than other with higher radiation. This means that there is an opportunity to apply this technology in different thermal conditions of the Colombian geography. 2.  Description of the study Characteristics and coordinates of places taken as the basis for this analysis.  Table 1.  Meteorological data of studied cities. CITY-REGION COORDINATES AMBIENT TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY ELEVATION   ANNUAL SOLAR IRRADIATION  PSH   (C)  (m/s) (masl) (kWh/year) (h) ARAUCA 7.08N  70.75W 24.76 3.2 360 1762.5 4.83 CHOCO-BAHIA SOLANO 6.29N  77.47W 24.5 1.8 60 1530.5 4.19 BARRANQUILLA 10.98N  74.78W 27.4 4.4 50 1922.9 5.27 BOGOTA 4.23N  74.49W 15.3 3.4 2650 1769 4.85 BUCARAMANGA 7.13N  73.13W 23.3 1.7 965 1881.5 5.15 GUAJIRA 12.01N  71.7W 26.1 6.2 30 2370.5 6.49 LETICIA 4.21S  69.9W 27.7 1.4 90 1670.7 4.58 TUNJA 5.54N  73.36W 12.9 1.8 2780 1837.6 5.03  Table 1 shows valuable data when determining in which region a photovoltaic installation would work better. The study of La Guajira region presents the highest value at Peak Solar Hours, so it is expected that the energy production there would be higher than in the rest of the cities studied.  As starting points for PV evaluation, and leaving photovoltaic technology as the only variable, the following considerations have been taken [4]:  • Installed capacity of 100W • Inverters for grid connection KACO POWADOR 36TL • Constant losses: dirt, ohmic, miss match, heat.   PVsyst allows different variants of simulation. The analysis has been made with 2 variants of design: with and without the speed of wind.  For the study of the behavior of photovoltaic technologies in different cities, the main photovoltaic modules used in the market have been taken as object of study [5]. The photovoltaic modules used for this study are shown in table 2.   The characteristic curves for each photovoltaic module, analysis of the behavior of each technology with variables such as temperature and incident radiation are available in the PVsyst software [6].           The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120122      Table 2. Photovoltaic modules used in the study  Two case of study are analyzed, the case A presents the conventional analysis of PV energy production without consider the wind speed, oppositely the case B shows the effects of consider the wind speed.   3.  Case study A: 100kW without influence of wind speed 3.1.  Energy Production The figure 1 shows the amount of energy produced by the arrays in case study A. In terms of the amount of power generated, the department of La Guajira has higher energy production in all technologies. On the other hand, the smallest photovoltaic energy production of the studied areas is Bahía Solano in the department of Chocó, corresponding to the data of lower incident radiation and high temperatures in the region.  As for Bogota and Arauca, they do not have equal energy production results due to the difference of temperature between these regions, that are completely opposite, being the low temperatures of Bogota more favorable for the performance (produces 4% more in monocrystalline technology and a 1.7% more in CdTe technology) and behavior of photovoltaic modules regardless of the type of technology used.  When comparing Bucaramanga and Tunja, it can be said that despite Bucaramanga has higher radiation, Tunja presents greater energy production on behalf of the temperature. There is a great difference between monocrystalline production (in Tunja produces 3.8% more energy than in Bucaramanga) and thin-film technologies, especially type Telluride CdTe (0.69% more than in Bucaramanga), making this last technology more suitable for warm climates.  Performance ratio (PR) is defined the relation between the energy actually produced and the energy that would have been produced by an ideal system operating continuously at standard conditions under the same irradiation [7] (Global incident on the plane). The figure 2 shows the performance ratio of case study A. 	  	  Panel Fabricant Technology Power (w) Panel area (m2) Temperature coefficient of panel (%/c) Module efficiency JAM6-60-250 JA SOLAR Monocrystalline 250 1,635 -0,44 15,54% JAP6-60-250 JA SOLAR Polycrystalline 250 1,635 -0,45 15,31% FS-390 FIRST SOLAR Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 90 0,72 -0,25 12,52% DA100-A1 DUPONT APOLLO Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 100 1,564 -0,25 6,40% SF165S SOLAR FRONTIER CIS 165 1,228 -0,31 13,44% The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120123      	  	  Figure 1. Produced energy of the arrays 3.2 Performance ratio    Figure 2. Performance ratio of different arrays  The city with the highest PR is Tunja, followed by Bogotá and Bucaramanga, which are the 3 cities with the lowest average temperatures respectively, so it is safe to say that this parameter is greatly affected by the temperature of the region where the photovoltaic array is installed. The PR increases in places of low temperatures.  In general terms, the technology resulting with higher performance ratio is the Cadmium Telluride type, which explains why it is the technology with the highest production of energy per installed kilowatt, followed closely by two other thin film technologies.  3.3 Temperature losses The figure 3 shows the comparison of losses by temperature in la Guajira, the region with the highest temperatures, and the opposite case Tunja, with an average temperature of 12.9C.    The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120124        Figure 3. Temperature losses in Guajira and Tunja  4.  Case study B: 100kw influenced by wind speed and comparison In case study B, wind speed has been taken into account as a factor of thermal dispersion of the active surface of the photovoltaic modules.  Even though the wind speed affects the indicators mentioned in the previous case of study (case A), all of them maintain the same relationship between regions and technologies, so it proceeds to a comparative analysis between the 2 cases in order to study only the effects of the wind in the production and the performance ratio (case B). The figure 4 shows the comparison of energy produced of case A and case B in La Guajira.  4.1 Energy production    Figure 4. Comparison of studied cases in La Guajira   Taking into account wind speed, the temperature of the surface of the modules is affected in a positive way since photovoltaic panels increase its open circuit voltage as temperature decreases, as seen in figure 5. The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120125         Figure 5. Comparison of studied cases in Tunja  Cities that have higher temperatures presented a higher percentage of increase in energy production because there is higher heat dispersion in trying to reach a thermal equilibrium between the surface of the module [8] and the wind.  4.2 Performance ratio The figure 6 shows the PR comparison of cases A and B in Bahía Solano city.    Figure 6. PR comparison in Bahía Solano The figure 7 shows the PR comparison of cases A and B in La Guajira city. Stands out in particular La Guajira by having the best percentages of increase, due mostly to the high average wind speed in the region, which is around 6.2 m/s.    The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120126      4.3 Temperature losses The figures 8 and 9 show the temperature losses in of the arrays in Tunja and La Guajira cities respectively. Analyzing the behavior of the losses by temperature in Tunja and La Guajira, it is clear that the effect of wind reduces these losses, being evident again the importance of the coefficient of temperature [9] in the behavior of photovoltaic modules.    Figure 7. PR comparison in La Guajira    Figure 8. Temperature losses comparison in Tunja    The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120127       Figure 9. Temperature losses comparison in La Guajira  5.  Conclusions It was observed that thin layer technologies generally produce between 3 and 9% more energy than crystalline silicon technologies per installed kilowatt, since they are less affected by temperature which as seen in this document is one of the factors that affects energy production.  In this study was shown the importance of consider the effect of wind speed in the calculation of the performance and energy production of a photovoltaic array. With this consideration, the estimated production rises in average of 3,2% for polycrystalline modules, and 2,2% in thin film modules.   This study has shown, that due to the effect of the temperature in the PV energy production, a PV system in a cold city like Tunja, with an average of 5,03kWh/m², can generate a 3,8% more energy per square meter, than the same installation in a warm city with major solar resource of 5,15kWh/m², like Bucaramanga.  This analysis has shown that La Guajira is one of the places in Colombia with the greatest photovoltaic potential for photovoltaic energy production, thanks to high levels of radiation and wind speed.  Jungle areas in Colombia, as Leticia and Bahía Solano, are the regions with the worst photovoltaic performance, due to low levels of incident radiation, and high temperatures which meet the necessary conditions so that the photovoltaic arrays show low yields compared with other cities. References [1] Lalwani M, Kothari D and Singh M 2010. Investigation of solar photovoltaic simulation softwares International journal of applied engineering 585-601. [2] Petrovic I, Simic Z and Vrazic M 2013. Comparison of pv plant energy generation prediction tools with measured data. Izlazi u samo elektronickom izdanju (Nehterlands) 121-124. [3] Buresch, M. (1983). Photovoltaic energy systems: Design and installation. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 347 1-16. [4] Delgado J, et al 2009 Measurements and analysis of a 20 kw grid-connected PV-system. http://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstream/handle/10016/5933/PFC_Jorge_Cabeza.pdf?sequence=1 [5] Mermoud, A. (2012). Pvsyst: Software for the study and simulation of photovoltaic systems. ISE, University of Geneva, http:// www. pvsyst. com. [6] Slamberger J and Virtic P 2013. Determining energy production of the photovoltaic system. The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120128      Przeglad Elektrotechniczny.84-87. [7] Ueda Y, Kurokawa K, Itou T, Kitamura K, Miyamoto Y, Yokota M & Sugihara H. 2006  Performance ratio and yield analysis of grid connected clustered PV systems in Japan. Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on 2, 2296-2299. [8] Virtuani A, Pavanello D, Friesen G 2010 Overview of temperature coefficients of different thin film photovoltaic technologies 25th European photovoltaic solar energy conference and exhibition/5th Conference on photovoltaic energy conversion 6-10. [9] Bertho S, Janssen G, Cleij T, Conings B, Moons W, Gadisa A & Vanderzande D. 2008. Effect of temperature on the morphological and photovoltaic stability of bulk heterojunction polymer: fullerene solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 92, 753-760. The International Congress of Mechanical Engineering and Agricultural Sciences 2013 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 59 (2014) 012012 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/59/1/0120129

Analysis Of Energy Production With Different Photovoltaic Technologies In The Colombian Geography

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Analysis Of Energy Production With Different Photovoltaic Technologies In The Colombian Geography

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