Kawasaki, Toshio

Moritsugu, Masumi

Okayama University Digital Information Repository

EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON SALT INJURY IN PLANTS II. Barley and Rice*

Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository

EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON SALT INJURY IN PLANTS l. Barley and Rice* Toshio KAWASAKI and Masumi MORITSUGU In the preceding paper (1)， the e佐 ctsof calcium and magnesium on salt injury in plants were investigated with maize and bean plants. The results showed that an adequate amount of calcium tended to lower the salt injury caused by high levels of sodium chloride. In the present work， investigation on the effect of calcium on salt injury were extended to barley and rice plants. The effect of magnesium was not examined in this experiment， because in the preceding paper (1) the effect of magnesium on salt injury was not so significant as that of calcium. MA TERIALS AND METHODS Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.， cv. Akashinriki) and rice (Oryzae sativa L.， cv. Akebono) were used as test plants. The methods used in this experiment were essentially the same as those descri bed previously (1). Seeds of barley and rice were allowed to germinate for about 7 days and 12 days， respectively， intrays with washed sand. During germination of rice seeds， a sooded condition was used in the tray. The seedlings were then transplanted into 3.5 l pots containing nutrient solution， i.e. a plastic plate with two holes holding two seedlings each was fitted on a pot. Three replications were used for each treatment. The solution culture experi ments were conducted in a greenhouse. Table 1 shows the composition of nutrient solution used for barley plants， and Table 2 for rice plants. Sodium chloride was used at four levels (0; 4， 20 and 40 mM)， and calcium chloride at two levels (0.1 and 1.0 mM). During the first 3 days of the solution culture experiment， al salts except micro-nutrients were used at a quarter strength of the concentrations indicated in Table 1 and 2. After this period， plants were supplied a full strength of nutrient solution. Nu-trient solutions were aerated continuously， and renewed once a week. The pH was adjusted to 5.7 for barley and 5.5 for rice plants every 2 days， and the iron source was added twice a week as ferrous ammonium sulfate solution. Experi-mental periods were about 6 weeks for barley and about 4 weeks for rice plants. At the end of the experimental periods， the plants were harvested and separated into tops and r∞ts. The tissues were dried at 100.C， and the dry weights were determined. The dried tissues were then ground and stored in polyethylene bags. • Data pr田entedin this paper were published in ]apanese in the Journal of the Science of Soil and Manure. ]apan. Vol. 44. p. 133-137 (1973). T. Kawasaki and M. Moritsugu TABLE 2 Nutrient solution for nc氾 plantsTABLE 1 Nutrient solution for barley plants 74 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.05 ppm 0.02 ppm 0.01 ppm ?????(NH.)，so， KH，PO‘ KNO， MgSO， Si・Fe B Mn Zn Cu Mo 4.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.05 ppm 0.02 ppm 0.01 ppm ??KNO， NH，H，PO， MgSO， Fe B Mn Zn Cu Mo mM mM 0-40.0 0.1， 1.0 NaCI CaCl， mM mM 0-40.0 0.1， 1.0 NaCI CaCl， • As silicic acid. ash was dissolved with and magnesium were An aliquot of ground tissues was ashed， and the dilute hydrochloric acid. Potassium， sodium， calcium determined as described in the preceding peper (1). RESULTS (1) Ba，.ley plants Barley plants were grown in different concentrations of sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The growth of barley plants at the end of the experimental period is illustrated in Plate 1， and Fig. 1 shows the yields of plants. In Fig.1， bars above and below the abscissa represent the yields of the tops and roots of plants， respectively. The same system is used in the figures described below. As shown in Plate 1 and Fig. 1， the decrease of plant growth was evident at high concentrations above 20 rnM of sodium chloride in the presence of a low level of calcium (0.1 mM)， whereas in the presence of a high levle of calcium (1.0 mル{)， plant growth decreased just slightly at high concentrations of sodium chloride. Fig. 2 shows that the potassium content in plants decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride. However， the decrease in potassium content was severer at a low calcium level (0.1 mM) than at a high calcium level (1.0 mM). The sodium content was lower at 1.0 rnM calcium level than at 0.1 rnM calcium leveI. Calcium and .magnesium contents decreased in the presence of high concen-trations of sodium chloride in nutrient solution (Fig. 3). On the other hand， the 75 Effect of Calcium on Salt Injury in Plants (11) (Ca 0.1 mM) (白1.0mM) ~ 20 4 O ¥.:. v NaCl in nu町lenl田lution(mM) Plate 1. Growth of barley plants in different concentrations of sodium chloride and calcium chloride. 5 ぃ? ? ????•• ??? ? ??????????????? ? ? ? ?10 8 6 2 ???????~ E二二コ白 innutritnt副 utIon:0.1 mM ".，.，.， c・IRnutrient副叫ion:1.0 mM Fig. 1. Yield of barley plants in different levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride. 20 v NaCl in nutri~nt 副凶帥(mM)4 、24 76 T. Kawasaki and M. Moritsugu rnagnesiurn content in plant roots increased at a high calciurn level (1. 0 mM)， while the reverse relationship between rnagnesiurn content and calciurn supply was found in plant tops (Fig. 3). 200 K 150 、o ..2o 40，、o 42040， NaCl in nutrient 田lution何両) N.CI in nutrient 田i山田 (mM) cコ Ca in nu間同同I山 on:0.1 mM 書ト150 ???????????? ??????? ? ? ?????200 医霊園 Ca in nutrient田l山田1.0mM Fig. 2. Effect of different levels of sodium chloride and calcium chlonde on potassium and sodium contents of barley plants. 20 Mg Ca ???? ? ??? ?????????? ?? ート、o 4 20 40 ， NaCl in nutrient副ution(mM) 占 4 • 20 40 I NaCl in nutrient 回 lution(mM) c二コ ca in nutrIent曲 lution:0.1 mM E歪m C. in nutrIent IOlution: 1.0 r耐Fig. 3. Effect of different levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on calcium and magnesium contents of barley plants. Efect of Calcium on Salt Injury in Plants (I) 77 (2) RiceρlanおPlate 2 and Fig. 4 show that plant growth decreased with increasing con-centrations of sodium chloride， though the yields of plants were higher at 1.0 mルfcalcium level than at 0.1 mM calcium level. As shown in Fig. 5， the potassium content decreased as the concentration of sodium chloride in nutrient solution was raised. However， the potassium con-tent was higher at 1.0 mM calcium level than at 0.1 mM calcium level， espe-cially in plant r∞ts. On the other hand， the sodium content was usually lower at 1.0 mM calcium level. The effect of sodium chloride on calcium and magnesium contents was not significant at either low or high calcium level (Fig. 6). ? ?? ?? ?(C. 0.1 mM) (C. 1.0 mM) n 」 4 20 v !!G NaCl in nutrient回lution(mM) Plate 2. Growth of ri白 plantsin diferent concentrations of釦diumchloride and calcium chloride. T. Kawasaki and M. Moritsugu 78 S ← ???????????? ???? ? ? ? ?????? ????? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ? ?????????10 8 6 4 ? ? ? ?? 〉2 40 20 4 。N.CI in同町ient釦lulion(mM) 4 亡二コ臼 m 間刷出回山開 0.1mM E窓辺白 m 問削倒副uh開1.0l'両Fig. 4. Yield of rice plants in different Ievels of田diumchloride and .calcium chloride. K 5 ドNa ー??????????????『???? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ? 、 ? ? ?????????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? 』? ??????? ? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???• ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?• 亡二コ c.in nu岡田園l岨曲。 0.1mM E率三3白 jnnutr;ent岨lul刷 。 1.0mM Fig. 5. Effect of different levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on pota回iumand sodium conten匂 ofri田 plants.20 it a 10 iz d里Effect of Calcium on Salt Injury in Plants (1) Ca M. s ドido 4 20 ・ω ιー」L fJ i NeCl in nutrier武田Jution(rnM) N.cl in nutrttnt副山聞(mM)E二コ Ca in nutrie岡田.Ju問 。0.1mM J.:.:.:.:.:a C. in nultient剛山1.0mM Fig. 6. Efect of diferent levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on calcium and magn田iumcontents of rice plants. DISCUSSION 79 In the preceding paper on maize and bean plants (1)， itwas found that an adequate amount of calcium accelerated the absorption and translocation of potassium， and depressed those of sodium. In this experiment， similar results were observed in barley and rice plants， though the effect of calcium was more pronounced in barley than in rice plants. However， there are some limitations on this conclusions， because the results are based on potassium and sodium contents in plants which differed in growth with treatment， as pointed out in the preceding paper (1). Therefore， the ratio of potassium to sodium content (K/Na value) in the same plant was calculated with the basic consideration described in the preceding paper. The K/Na values TABLE 3 Effect of different levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on the ratio of potassium to sodium in barley plants Concentration in K/Na value nutnent回lution(mM) Na Ca Topll R剖誕8。 0.1 89.3 79.1 4 0.1 4.7 5.5 20 0.1 0.92 0.74 40 0.1 0.62 0.43 。 1.0 141.3 56.9 4 1.0 7.6 9.4 20 1.0 1.6 1.9 40 1.0 0.89 1.1 80 T. Kawasaki and M. Moritsugu TABLE 4 Effect of different levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on the ratio of potassium to sodium in rice plants Concentration in KJNa value nutri側副ution(mM) Na Ca Tops R四戎S。 0.1 78.5 11.8 4 0.1 20.7 2.9 20 0.1 3.6 0.98 40 0.1 0.99 0.39 。 1.0 87.4 25.9 4 1.0 21.3 6.6 20 1.0 4.6 2.1 40 1.0 0.90 1.0 in harley and rice plants are shown in Tahle 3 and 4， respectively. It is evident in Tahle 3 that when a comparison was made between data at the same sodium level， the KjNa value was larger at a high calcium level (1.0 mM) than at a low calcium level (0.1 mM) in both tops and roots of harley plants. Tahle 4 shows that the KjNa values in roots were usually larger at a high calcium level， though the differences of KjNa values were not clear between high and low levels of calcium in tops of rice plants. In our previous papers (2-6)， itwas reported that calcium stimulated ruhidium ahsorption and inhihited sodium ahsorption in ex-cised plant r∞ts. Similar results were ohserved with intact harley and rice plants in the present experiment， as shown with intact maize and bean plants in the preceding pa per (1). The injury in harley plants under high concentrations of sodium chloride was restored in the presence of an adequate amount of calcium (Plate 1 and Fig. 1)， though the effect of calcium on salt injury in rice plants was not so clear (Plate 2 and Fig. 4). Based on considerations of KjNa values in plants， how-ever， itis suggested that a specific effect of calcium on selectivity of monovalent cation ahsorption may be involved in salt injury of plants. These results are also in agreement with data presented by LaHaye et al. (7， 8). On the other hand， itwas found that calcium accelerated the accumulation of magnesium in roots， hut depressed it in tops of harley plants (Fig. 3). This is quite similar to the results with maize plants in the preceding paper (1). SUMMARY The e任ectof calcium on salt injury was investigated with maize and bean plants in the preceding paper， with special reference to mineral nutrition. In the Effect of Calcium on Salt Injury in Plants (1) 81 present work， the investigation was extended to barley and rice plants. Plants were grown by the use of nutrient solutions containing different levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride. 1) At a low concentration of calcium chloride (0.1 mM)， the growth of barley plants was depressed drastically with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in nutrient solution. On the other hand， barley plants grown at a high concentration of calcium chloride (1.0 mM) suffered less damage with high con・centrations of sodium chloride. 2) In rice plants under high concentrations of sodium chloride， growth inhibition did not differ significantly between low and high levels of calcium chloride. 3) At a high concentration of calcium chloride (1.0 mM)，、barleyplants absorbed and translocated relatively more potassium and less sodium than at a low concentration of calcium chloride (0.1 mM). A similar effect of calcium was also observed in rice plants， but the effect was not so clear as in barley plants. REFERENCES 1. Kawa回 ki，T. and Moritsugu， M. 1978. Effect of calcium on salt injury in plants. I. Maize and bean. Ber. Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol. Okayama Univ. 17: 57-71. 2. Kawasaki. T. and Hori， S. 1968. The role of calcium in selective cation uptake by plant r，∞ts. 1. Effect of cation concentrations in absorption solution. B町.Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol. Okayama Univ. 14: 123-132. 3. Kawasaki. T. and Hori， S. 1973. The role of calcium in selective cation uptake by plant r∞ts. 1. Effects of temperature， d白orptiontreatment and sodium salt on rubidium uptake. Ber. Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol. Okayama Univ. 16: 19-28. 4. Kawasaki. T.. Hori. S. and Moritsugu. M. 1974. The role of calcium in selective cation uptake by plant r∞ts. 11. The efect of calcium on cation uptake as influenced by metabolic inhibi-tors (cyanide. DNP. and ouabain). Ber. Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol.， Okayama Univ. 16: 29-37. 5. Kawasaki. T.. Hori. S. and Moritsugu. M. 1974. The role of calcium in冒 lectivecation uptake by plant r∞ts. IV. The efects of divalent cations on exchangeable and non-exchangeable fractions of monovalent cations in plant r∞ts (1). Ber. Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol.. Oka-yama Univ. 16: 93-102. 6. Kawasaki. T. and Moritsugu， M. 1975. The role of calcium in selective cation uptake by plant r∞ts. V. The efects of divalent cations on exchangeable and non-exchangeable fract即時of monovalent cations in plant r∞ts (2). Ber. Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol.， Okayama Univ. 16: 103-113. 7. LaHaye， P. A. and Epstein， E. 1969. Salt toleration by plants: Enhancement with calcium. Science 166: 395-396. 8. LaHaye， P. A. and Epstein， E. 1971. Calcium and salt toleration by bean plants. Physiol. Plant. 25: 213-218. 

EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON SALT INJURY IN PLANTS II. Barley and Rice*

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