Itano, Arao

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Review on the Soil Investigations in ]apan during the last three Years， 1934・1936.tBy Arao Itano. [~lay 3， 1938.] Th自由oilinv自由もigat，ionsin the last thr自由 yearsin Japan are rather meagre in their quality and quantity which may be due to the 10回 ofthe pioneer workers like Profeflsor DAIKUHARA， the retirement of some senior investigators from the aetive research work a自 Professo~日 A田 andW AKIMlZU， Dr. I&IASEKI and others，岨da.1自othe number of aetive investigators b自ingvery few in compari日onwith other eountri自由.The revisw of the papers published in th自邑乱，idperiod indicat自由 thatthey cover e1even branche自ofsoil scienee， name1y gen自m1，soil phy自ics，soil chemistry， the colloida1 ehemistry of soils， soi1 bio10gy， soil f自rtility，pea.ty自oils，soil自c1imatea.nd vegetation， methods of investigation， c1朗自ificationof soi1日andr自giona1soil science. Among them，畠oilehemistry， soil bio1ogy and regiona1自oi1flcience w紅白investigated more than th白r伺 t.The subject noted above will be treated flepamte1y. 1. General: Only one pap白ri自 foundin this fie1d which was writt自nby T. SEKlt) who dea1七withthe significance of silica-曲目quioxideratios， the pra.ctica1 importance of acid treatment of soils， with a det，ailed discussion on“crystallille elay theory" and “absorption compound theory" and their applicability to the Japa.ne自esoils， as well as the importanee of acid treatments. 11. Soil physi伺:This subject has been very poorly developed in this eountry， and on1y a few investigators are engag自din this field. The ehanges of oxidation-reduetion potentia.1s of wa，ter・10gged自oilswere studied by K. SHIBUYA and his co-workers2&3) who found that Eh of th自 water-t This paper was prepared and pubJished in Pr凹 eedingsof the International Society of Soil of Science XII， 30-35， 1937. 186 A. ITANo: logged円Oil8is insuenced by other factors tho.n the cho.nge of PH. The Eh of lo.teritic自oil自o.nd8o.nd自tone・8hale自oilswo.目d白色erminedunder vo.riou自condition自.The o.d自orptionof g邸側 by回ilwo.8 inve8tigo.ted by K. SHIBUYA o.nd his co11o.boratorsのe8pecio.11y0.8 to the rate o.nd quo.n出yof o.d自orptionof ammonia go.自o.nd002・Theyu8ed 5 classe8 of 80il8 o.nd found tho.t the ro.te of ad80rption decre制e8with t.ime， and the qu阻 tityincr朗自由dwi山由自 humu8content of the 80il; more o.mmonio. w倒o.d80rbedtho.n 002 in 0.1 the c朗自自. K. SHIBUYA o.nd hi8 co・workerめ reporもedtho.t' the addition of humu日modifiesthe physico.l o.nd chemico.l propertie自of80ils. The phoも0・oxidationof o.mmonium compound in 801ution o.nd soil w倒的udiedbyS.O吊UGIo.nd hi自co-workerめwho8howed tho.t ni凶6伺 tionin自oili自notentirely due to bo.cterio.l o.ction but o.t le帥 tin p町tis due加phoも0・oxido.tionwhich to.k佃place in t.he presenc自ofvo.rious orgo.nic pho加・自由ns出zer8under t.he influence of 8unlight. M. TOXUOXA7) inve自tigo.tedぬ自制tionexch阻 geof clo.y o.nd found it to to.ke plo.ce on the Burfo.ce of clo.yey po.rticleB. II. Soil chemis仕y:ln出泊 Bubjec丸山岳 queBtionof soil rea.ction has been inve8tigo.ted more tho.n 阻 yoth自rBo.nd 0. few repor旬町自 foundon the Bpecia.l ch自mico.lo.no.ly日is自uchaB iodine contents. 1n connectionB with Boil reaction. the no.ture of the o.cidoid of clo.y自y画oilwo.目8tudied by S. OsUGI o.nd hi8 co-worker8) who o.pplied PURI'S tωts to clo.yey 80ils lo.cking in org岨 icmo.tter o.nd found tho.t the spec泊。 reactio田町edue to 0. true o.cid. but it wo.自 qu倒tionedif the o.cidoid in 0.1ぬ自 soilsis trib剖 icin no.t.ure嗣r自por旬dby PuRI. OsUGI o.nd oth自rsめr自portedon 0. p自culio.rbeho.vior of自omeo.cid SQils in regard to th自cho.ngeof o.cidity o.nd Fe under fresh， o.ir-dried o.nd wo.ter-Boo.ked treat，ments. Further t，hey noted tho.t the poouliarity of o.cid soils is mo.rked in pre自由nceof o.bundo.nt wo.ter. Other fo.c旬rsviz. tempero.ture， micro-organiBms o.nd orgo.nic mo.tter were investigo.ぬd10). The o.pplico.tion of organic mo.nure incr曲目edt，he peculiarity mo.rkedly o.nd there w個0.clo自由relo.tionwi出出自quo.ntity of Fe o.nd PHl1); o.gain they found tho.t the o.cid SOilB of P舵uli町beho.viorcontain自omeorgo.nic acids viz. formic， acetic o.nd oxalicI2). The corr白lo.tion乱mongthe前 idity，Mn snd th自cropof t倒 wo.B伽 diedby K. YAMADAI3); the自覚ectof r自o.ctioDo.nd lime con旬ntof Boil on vo.rious crop自wereinveBtigo.ted by R.lUWA阻 IM'AI4-17).The iodine conten旬inone hundred and twelve soil自o.mple目weredetermined by A. lTANo and his co・workerI8)，o.nd o.lso the influence of 自由awo.ter，elev叫ion，surfo.ce o.nd BubsoilB，回dfertiliz自rBo.pplied on the iodine contents w岨 inveBti.go.ぬdI9);M. MlYOSHI20) inv自白紙gatedthe Balt・自olubleph伺 phoricacid in volcanic 帥 hSOilB o.nd found it vo.'ηby th自no.tureof Boils. ~L'. W AKIMIZU21) co11ected the iron-concretion in M阻 churio.o.nd analysed for eleven componen旬o.mongwhich Fe.ρs 38.92; Alρ'3 5.72 % were found. Re¥'iew on the向。ilIn¥'e目色igati円nRin Japan dUl'ing位le!ast thl'ee Years， 187 1934 -1936. IV. The colloid chemiotry of ooilo: Investigations on the colloidal chemistry of soils are carried out by only a' few investigators in J apan. K. KAWAMUllA and his co・worker22)凶udiedthe soil colloid日ofalluvial討ce-field soil and volcanic soil向;determined the P20S content of t.he colloid同勾〉;analysed the目。ilcolloids of various geological畠ndpetrographical origin24); further made the Rontgen analysi日 ofthe colloid自 foundin the自oilsstudied previously2d). S. 0沢rGIand his co・worker28)目eparaもedand analysed the inorganic colloids of 0.1μ00 the average from clay samp1e自;K. SBIlUYA and his co・worker27) studied the nature of colloidal cla戸 asrevealed by the equilibrium velocity of ionic exchange. V. Soil biology: The soil biological inv倒 tigation自carriedon in Japan may be summarized in the following group田:a) general， b) nodule， bacteria， c)Azotobacter， d) Actino-mycete圃.e) Algae. M. A.nAcBI and hi目白0・worker28)isolated m阻 y日traimlof the heterotropic bacteria from the日oilsin Formosa. A. ITANo and hi日co-workerstudied the root nodule bacteria of Aslragulus sinicus quite intensively in many pha自倒 oftheir physiology: the rate of migration. of the bacteria in the soils 制 insuencedby the moisture content of the自OilR;the chemotaxic actiou toward the 日伺ds，especially to the germinating 自由OOs29);the infl.uence of C : Nratio3()); of plant extrac旬81);of di:tIerent part自ofplant82); of the extract of nodules38); of the titanium salts8・);on the electrical propertie自of the回 cessarysubs偽，nce町;the insuence of v町iousalkaloids町. K. KONISBI and his co-worker骨骨tudiOOon七herespiration of nodu1e bacteria87 &38) and a1so their日，ymbioticstudy with certain Actinomyceも倒的.The physiological inv自由“gationof Azotobacter was undertaken by A. lTANo and hi目 co.worker'O-'~) concerning the insuence of monochromatic and ultraviolet ra戸;on the electrophor自ticcharacter'S). KONI閉 1and his co・work自r的 repor匂don the infl.uence of inorganic constituen旬泊 soilextract on the growth of Azotobacter. The chemical composition of some algae in the paddy field was studied by M. SBIOlRI and hi日co・worker的.VI. Soil fertility: The general test自 onthe soil fertilit，y are c町l'iedon at each exporimen色白tationthroughout the countηbut only few repor旬 ofthe research work are found. T.IwATA and hie co-worker冊目もudiedthe mineralization of nitrogen of poultry excrement in 80ils. 188 A.ITANo: VII. Peaty ooil : The inveBtigation on the humic acid， hymo.加me1anicacid and peat by means of po1arograph with mercury cathod白 e1ectrod白 W制 undertakenby M. TOKUOKA47> 岨 d0. new method of quantitative deもerminationi日propoBed;the ana1y8es of five strata which were found in the profi1e of th自peaty白oilwere made H. OKAMOT048). VIII. Soil， climate and vegetation: The weathering of vo1c岨 icrock was investigated by M. HARADA49) who reported in detail on the weathering of b制0.1旬 underthe annua1 temperature of 14.800. and 1618.8mm. annua1 rainfall， the determination of 1imonite and hamatiぬ byphotochemica1 m自由odand the chemical composition of weathering productR of basaltdO). R. KAWARBIIIIA51)凶vestigaωdthe exchangeab1e cation content as related to tbe climatic soil type日inManchuria. IX. Methodo of inveotigation : A method for collecting the Iloil帥 mp1倒 tobe studied in the 1aboratory under as no.tura1 condition日制po自sib1e，i自proposedby A. l1'ANO~2). Thi目conBistsof taking品目oilmonolith of a臼mallsize， 15x 15x 20 cm. by meo.nR of 0. brass case which is made up of the separo.te Rides and boもomBO that ench pl叫ec乱nbe 注目ertedinto the soil without diflturbing the Boil conditions加 anyexぬntjby UBing the 白臨乱i泊dmethod in combination wi弘も出ha t旬白mp自rat凶urerecording deviぬce伐， t出hei泊B宜uenceof tωemperature on t出h自 ml記croo町rga阻ni旬目m邑 wa削白自tudiぬedby ITANO and hi也自c∞oか-wor比kerが」占5均aぬ);VE且，WELLゐmethodfor direct PH determination iB modified and used in combination with lTANO'B portab1e potentiometer in the paddy-fie1d soil o.nd compared witb tho自ereBullB obto.ined byもhepreviously known methods5t&o-5). S. 03UGl and his co-worker明 reportedon 0. micro-ana1ytico.1 method of TEO阻品、me出odapplied to the Boil extract; the same author目的 usedWINTER'S method and d白terminedthe water Boluble alumina in他。teagard白nsoil. 玄. Cluoification of ooilo : T. SEK15S) propo自eda new plan for the c1assification of volcanic soils into 1. sio.li tic， 2.閥 bBiallitic，3. acid Bub-alitic， 4. sub-o.litic and .5 alitic groups with reference to the日i1icaa1umina ratio， dyeBtu笠ratioand日oi1reacもions.玄[. Regional ooil ocience: The investigationB which may be p1aced under thiB h伺，dingare concerned with: a) the Bpecia1 kind自 ofBoilB in Japan and Ma.nchuria; b) cl脇島ificationof 日oilBin certain diBもric旬inJapan; c) th自 originand formation of SOilB in certain part自inJapan. RevielV on the Soil Investigatlon伺inJapan <lnring the last thr伺 Y回同 189 1934 -1936. SEKI町田t.udiedt.be brown偶 rt.hsin J apsn a.nd compared th自m with th明白found in Europa a.nd Amerlca， a.nd e凶phMizedthe import凶 ceof further study oHh自由ubtypeof the brown ea.rths; lt H倒 ODA80)自tudiedthe ph戸ico・ch自mica.lproperti倒 ofthe black soils to find the cau醐 ofunproductiv佃曲目 andpropo圃eda method of improvement; the charBCωriotics of FDrmo闘 nclay were compared， with也osein Europe by M. TOKUOUs1); M. liAlIADA82) studied the distribution and minera.logica.l 01醐is.cationof the decompo自由dpumice in the north-we自ternpart of Kwanto Di自仕ictin J apan. T. IaIKAWA83) inveetigaぬdthe cl拙岡田 ofsoils from the tobac∞producing district;盟.KA首国田町AM)cl酪畠ifiedthe 80ilo on the plain of Tlmgaru into 7 8Dil types after &r臨MME'Sdeoignation. M. lIARADA II.~) 白色udiedthe origin of brown回 ilsin Kwanto plllin; K. T8UKU・NAGA and his co・worker的問lport吋 onthe formation and properti伺 ofterra. r倒同in Manchuria and ωmpar自dwith也前 inMediぬrrBneanregibn; R. KAWA8BtMA87) studied出e回 ilfonnaもionof allitic nature on出eP制泊ccoast of south-w開旬1'n戸rt01 Japan; in northern Kyu圃huO8-7I). K. :MIYAKE and his co・worker均 inv倒 ti・gated回 ilformation in nor曲目nJapau-climatic soil typ個・ H. M:Isu73)日tudie<lthe soils in Korea陶 totheir chemical properti曲目andfurther proposed a mathemati岨1exprω晶iODof th白buftel'IWtiOU (，)f ooil. Literature. 1. SI!;EI，.T. J. Science Soil and Manure， Jopah， X， 1・10，19叫2. SBI8tJYA， K..， ElABIU， H.and Ryu， K. J. Agr. Chem.肋c.Japan， XIJ， 62-73， 1936. 3. . lbid" XlI， 1141-115]， 1936. 4. SRIBUYA， K.and 8AEEf， H. J. Scienω伽iland ltIanur唱， Japon， IX， 117 -126， 1935. 5. Smlluy A， K.and HIGUCHr， K. J. 段決~.Tropi叩 IAJtr. Japon， VI， 221-241， 1934. 6. 0・UOI，R. and AOKf， l¥{. J.馳ienω向。iIand Mahure， Japan， :X 11-24， 19:14. 7. TOlol"OKA， M. J. Agr. Chem.段児.Jap・n，X. 1077-1伺2，19:H. 8. 0回UGf，S. and A01rT， i¥J. J. Sclen伺助iIand l¥lanute. Japan， VIU， 226 -281， 1934. 9. C)ouol，8.， AOKJ， M. and MORITA，8. J. Agr. Chem.肋c.Japan， X， 41:い 450，1934. 10. • Ibid.， XI， 34四 49，19口.15.1. Osuof，8.， NfRHJOAKI聞 dYoooIMI， M. lbil!.， XI， 659 -073， 1935. 12. 0胃四f，B. 且ndAo1t.r，)I. lbid.， XU， 995 -1ω:1， 19:16. 13. YAMADA， K. J. Scien伺Soiland Manure， JRpIU， VJlI， 62， 19:14. 14. K.AWA目RTMA，R.Ibid.， IX， 389・408，19'J5. 15. • Ibid.， X， 53-62， 193日.16. • Ibld.， X， 304 -310， 1936. 17. • Ibid.， X， 170 -184， 1936. 18. :tl'AIWO， A.and TOVJI， Y. Berlch句 Oharaln瓜 landw.Forsch， VI， 370 -:182， 1934. 19. ーー . Ibld.， VIJ， 103 -11+， 1936. 20. MfYO聞 1，}I. J. Science Soil and l¥IlInure， Japan， IX， 252 -2C，0， 1935. 21. W AEIMIZU， T. Ibid.， VIII， 135 -139， 1934. 22. KAWAMU回 ，K..and ~'UNABfEI， S. Ibid" VIJI， 4的-415， 19悦.23. KAWAMURA， K.and MIYOSDT， M. Ibld.， X， 47・52，1936. 24. KAWAMVRA，K. and FUNABIEJ， S. Ibid.， X， 201-215， 1936. 25. • Ibid" X， 281-294， 1936. 20. 0即日1，S. and MORITA， S. J. AgT. Chem. Soc. Japan， XII， 8:~6 -843， 1930.190 A. tTA胃'0:27. BHIBUYA，広.and BEXI， H. J.鼠JC.Tropiω1 Agt". Japan， VI，.242・26]，19M. 28. ADACHI， M. and IMAMuRA， T. Ibld.， VI， 144 -1回"1934. 29. 1TANO， A.and 1¥[AT8UURA， A. Berlchぬ OharaIn鈍.1阻 dw.For苗ch.，VI， 259 -268， 1934. 30. • Ibld.， VI， 341 -370， 1934. 31. . Ibid.， VII， 185-214， 1936. 32. . Ibld.， VII， 369 -377， 19日~6.33. • Ihld.， VlI， 379 -401， 1936. 34. • J. Bclen伺Boiland l¥Ianure， Japan， XlI， 457 -466， 193仏3ら. . J. Agr. Chem. Boc. Jap岨， XII. 457 -466， 19拡36・--.lbid.， XII， 604 -621， 1936. 37. KON18DI， K. and T8UGB， T. J. Bci佃伺SollandM副 ure，Japan， VlII， 297・308，19悦.:~8. }印刷Of，K.， TsuGK， T. and KAWA町民A，A. lbld.， X， 385 -4叫 19抗39. KONI四 r，K. and J.<'uXU!lRI， R. Ibid.， IX， 75甲 82，1935. 40. 1TANO， A.and MA官官UU凪，A，A. Berlchte Ohara In民.landw.Fo悶ch.，VI， 383・392， 1934. 41. . Ibid.， VI， 561-574， J935. 42. • Ibid.， VII， 175 -184， 1936. 43. ITANo切A. Ibid.， VI， 255 -268， 1934. 44. KON園田， K. and T8UGE， T. J. Aslr. Chem. 8oc. Japan， X， 584 -599， 1934. 45. B"IOIRI，1¥I. ank lIIT8UI， B. J. Bcl回開Soiland 1¥岨ure，Japan， IX， 261・2叫 19:ほ4日. IWATA，T. and OxUDA， A. Ibid.， VIIJ， 309-314， 1934. 47. TOXUOXA， 1¥.Ibid.， VIlI， 285 -292， 1934. 48. OItAMOTO， H. Ibld.， VIII， 257 -265; 1934. 49. HARADA， 1¥.J. Agr. Che叩 .81珂.Japan， XI， 456 -472， 1935. 開1. • Ibid.， VII， 1032 -1043， 1936. ・51. KAWA8flUA， R. Ibld" XII， 773 -782， 1936. 52. ITANo切A. serichte Oha刊 In8t.landw. Fo四ch.，VII， 289 -292， 1936. 53. 1TANO， A.加 dT!lUJI， Y. Ibld.， VII， 409 -414， 1936. 54. • Ibid.， VI， 587 -605， 1935. 55. • lbid.， VII， 215 -225， 1936. 56. 0百四r，B. and NI8H1GAEI， N. J. Bcience 80il and Manure， Ja開n，VIIr， 167 -178， 1934. 57. • Ibid.， IX， 149 -158， 1935. 58. SBKI， T. Ibid.， VlII， 245 -2開， 19叫.59. • Ibid.， VIII， 3-18， 1回4.60， Hω抱'DA，K. Berichte Ohara In鴎.landw. Forsch.， VII， 293 -319， 1936. 61. TOXUOKA， 1¥.and Mo政JOKA，H. J.8<児.Tropical Agr. Japan， VII， 168 -175， 1935. 62. HARADA， M. J. Bcience 80il岨dManure， Japan， IX， 189 -201， 19払6:~. IRIKAWA， T. Ibid， VIII， 153 -166， 1934. 64. KAM(鳩町TA，Y. Ibid.， X， 311司 317，1936. 65. HARADA， 1¥.J. Agr. Chem. Bc児.Jap岨， XI， 242・249，193ふ66. T8UKUNAGA， K.and WA'fANAsE， K. J. Sclen伺Roland Manure， Ja凹，n，X， 76・93，19説1.67. KAWA目HIMA，R. Ibid.， IX， 171-179， 1935. 68. • J. Agr. Chem.段陀.Ja戸n，XII， 56 -61， 1936'. 69. • Ibid.， XII， 145 -1回， 1936.70. . Ibid.， X1， 1089 -1ω4， 1935. 71. • Ib岨.，X1， 689・印3，1935. 72. MIYAXE， K. and TAMATI，I. J. Scien曲尚iIand Manure， Japan， VIII， 3.')3・湖、 1934.73. M18U， H. Report of Korean Go刊 .mment.g唖neralAgr. Exp't Bt.a"on， VIII， 177 -204， 1936; Ibid， A叩eclalrepor色No.20.

Review on the Soil Investigations in Japan during the last three Years，1934-1936.†

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