Electron microscopy of the body wall of Opisthorchis viverrini shows the integument which is connected to the epidermal cell with fine protoplasmic tubules, to form a syncytium, as in Clonorchis sinensis and other trematodes.
Vacuole-like secretory granules are distributed in the matrix of the integument, and mitochondria are arranged at the proximal outer surface of the integument. The crystalline inclusions are observed in the perinucleus
of some epidermal cells.</p

Inatomi, Seiiti

Itano, Kazuo

Sakumoto, Daigoro

Suguri, Setsuo

Tongu, Yasumasa

Okayama University Digital Information Repository

The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of Opisthorchis viverrini (Poirier, 1886)

Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository

Acta Medica OkayamaVolume 25, Issue 2 1971 Article 5APRIL 1971The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The bodywall of Opisthorchis viverrini (Poirier, 1886)Seiiti Inatomi∗ Yasumasa Tongu† Daigoro Sakumoto‡Setsuo Suguri∗∗ Kazuo Itano††∗Okayama University,†Okayama University,‡Okayama University,∗∗Okayama University,††Okayama University,Copyright c©1999 OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. All rights reserved.The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The bodywall of Opisthorchis viverrini (Poirier, 1886)∗Seiiti Inatomi, Yasumasa Tongu, Daigoro Sakumoto, Setsuo Suguri, and KazuoItanoAbstractElectron microscopy of the body wall of Opisthorchis viverrini shows the integument whichis connected to the epidermal cell with fine protoplasmic tubules, to form a syncytium, as inClonorchis sinensis and other trematodes. Vacuole-like secretory granules are distributed in thematrix of the integument, and mitochondria are arranged at the proximal outer surface of theintegument. The crystalline inclusions are observed in the perinucleus of some epidermal cells.∗PMID: 4333630 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Copyright c©OKAYAMA UNIVERSITYMEDICAL SCHOOLActa Med. Okayama 25, 129-142 (1971)THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HELMINTHVI) THE BODY WALL OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI(POIRIER, 1886)Seiiti INATOMI, Yasumasa TONGU, Daigoro SAKUMOTO,Setsuo SUGURI and Kazuo ITANODepartment of Parasitology, Okayama University Medical SchoolOkayama, Japan (Director: Prof. S.Inatomi)Received for publication, March 1, 1971Recently many workers have investigated the ultrastructure oftrematode integument and have concluded that it consists of a largesyncytium.The ultrastructure of the integument of Clonorchis sinensis, belongingto the same family of Opisthorchis viverrini, was reported by INATOMI et al.(1968). The integument, which is composed of anucleated integumentlayer and nucleated epidermal cells lying beneath the muscle layer underthe anucleated integument layer, consists of a sponge-like syncytium.Both, the integument layer and nucleated epidermal cells contain numerous·vesicles, secretory granules and mitochondria. However, no spine hasbeen distributed on the integument as in some other trematodes.The present paper deals with the ultrastructure of integument ofOpisthorchis viverrini to compare with Clonorchis sinensis.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe adult Opisthorchis viverrini was obtained from the liver of a cat purchasedfrom a farmer at Udon in Thailand, March 7th, 1969.The cat was sacrificed, the liver was quickly removed in the 0.85% salinesolution, and the worms were collected. Flukes were washed with 0.85% salinesolution and immediately fixed with phosphate buffered cold 1% glutaraldehydesolution at pH 7.4 for 30 minutes and were cut into four pieces. These materialswere washed well with phosphate buffer. Then they were postfixed for an hourin phosphate buffered cold 2% osmium tetroxide solution at pH 7.4 and embed.ded in Epon after dehydration with ethanol series.The sections were cut on a Porter.Blum microtome, stained with uranylacetate and lead nitrate, and observed with a Hitachi HS.8 electron microscope.1291Inatomi et al.: The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of OpisthorchisProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 1971130 S.INATOMI, Y. TONGU, D. SAKUMOTO, S. SUGURI and K.ITANOOBSERVATIONSThe integument, anucleated integument layer, is well developed toa bout 3 microns in thickness and has an irregular surface. The outersurface of integument is covered with a thin plasma membrane about 80 Aand the basal surface with a thin basal plasma membrane a bout 80 A inthickness (Figs. 1, 2, 3). The fine fibril network layer which is constructedfrom collagen.like fi1:ers, is located under the integument as the con·nective tissue (Fig. 2). The thickness of the layer is about 1 micron. Theintegument, without any nUclei, is composed of a syncytial structure.No spine can be seen on the integument. In the matrix of the integumentare seen numerous vacuole-like secretory granules and mitochondria ofvarying sizes. These secretory granules coming from epidermal cell, aresurrounded by a thin double membrane 70 A thick and some of thesecontain deme secretory products (Fig. 3). The mitochondria are welldeveloped and have numerous cristae. The vesicles or tubular-like infold-ings of the basal plasma mem brane protrude into the matrix of integument(Figs. 2, 3). The protoplasmic tubules originating from the basal plasmamembrane of integument pierce through the basement membrane atvarious points, and are connecting to the integument and deep interiorepidermal cells located in the parenchymal layer under the muscle layers,as well as the cells themselves (Figs. 1, 2). Then the integument is a largesyncytium which is constructed of the anucleated integument layer andnucleated epidermal cells. The epidermal cells have nuclei, and numerousmitochondria, endoplasmic reticula with ribosome granules, Golgi com·plexes, and electron dense secretory granules which are surrounded by athin membrane as can be seen inside of the matrix of integument (Figs. 4.5). Some of epidermal cells have the crystalline inclusion bodies whichare arranged regularly with fine round particles, a bout 260 Ain diameter(Fig. 5). But the substances and functions of these particles are unknown.The muscle layer which consists of somatic muscle cells, is located betweenthe fiber layer as connective tissue under the integument, and parenchyma(Fig. 7). These somatic muscle cells are constructed of both the thick andthin filaments, as in some other trematodes.The collagen.like fiber, having seven different.dense bands at regularFig. 1 Cross-section of the body wall. The inte,sument which is about 2 to 3 micronsin thic1<ness, is located on the body surface and bounded by thin plasma membrane at boththe outer and basal surface of integument. There can be seen the protoplasmic tubuleswhich connect the outer covering anucleated integument layer with epidermal cell (nucleatedintegument cell).2Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 25 [1971], Iss. 2, Art. 5http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol25/iss2/5Ultrastructure 01 Helminth 1313Inatomi et al.: The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of OpisthorchisProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 1971132 S.INATOMI, Y. TONGu, D. SAKUMOTO, S. SUGURI and K.ITANOintervals, each band is 150 A in length, is observed between the somaticmuscle fibers (Fig. 7). Although the substances of this fiber are unknown,such fibers can be seen inside the muscle cells.The outer surface of the entire body, oral sucker, ventral sucker,pharynx and esophagus is covered by integument layer (Fig. 9). Theintegument of these portions is bounded by a plasma membrane at theouter surface and the basal surface of the integument, and the basal plasmamembrane is acutely infolded into the integumentary matrix in manyplaces. These infoldings of basal plasma membrane reach apex portionof the integumentary matrix. Some mitochondria and numerous roundvacuole. like secretory granules are likewi5:e located in the matrix. Thesomatic muscle layer lies internal to the connective tissue at this portion.Fig. 2 Cross-section of the integument. Most mitochondria are distributed near outersurface of the matrix of integument. Many of the membrane-limited secretory granulesand vesicles scatter in the matrix of integument, and there are infoldings of the basalplasma membrane (arrow).Fig. 3 The epidermal cell which is located beneath the muscle layer, has nucleus,Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticula with dense granules and secretory granules which isbounded by thin limiting membrane.4Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 25 [1971], Iss. 2, Art. 5http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol25/iss2/5Ultrastructure of Helminth 1335Inatomi et al.: The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of OpisthorchisProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 1971134 S. !NATOMI, Y. TONGU, D. SAKUMOTO, S. SUGURI and K. !TANOFig. 4 High magnification of the epidermal cell. There can be seen a nucleus withnucleolus and Golgi complexes.Fig. 5 The cell inclusion granules in epidermal cell. The inclusion granules are arrang-ed regularly.6Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 25 [1971], Iss. 2, Art. 5http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol25/iss2/5Ultrastructure of Helminth 1357Inatomi et al.: The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of OpisthorchisProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 1971136 S.INATOMI, Y. TONGu, D. SAKUMOTO, S. SUGURI and K.ITANoFig. 6 Muscle layer. Battom right is a cross section of the circular muscle and left islongitudinal muscle. Both muscles are constructed of somatic muscle which are containingthe thick and thin myofilaments.Fig. 7 The collagen-like striated fiber can be seen between the somatic muscle fila-ments. One periodic which is composed of seven different dense bands, is 150 A in length.8Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 25 [1971], Iss. 2, Art. 5http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol25/iss2/5tlltrast rUcture of Helm'Jnth•~.,!.IIIIII137IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII9Inatomi et al.: The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of OpisthorchisProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 1971138 S.INATOMI, Y. TONGu, D. SAKUMOTO, S. SUGURI and K.ITANoFig. 8 The luminal surface of esophagus is covered with integument which has thesame structure of body integument. A few mitochondria can be seen in this layer. Thereare many infoldings of basal plasma membrane at the area of integument.Fig. 9 High magnification of the esophageal integument. There are numerous vesicles,membrane-limited secretory granules, and muscle layer (left) beneath the connective tissuelayer.10Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 25 [1971], Iss. 2, Art. 5http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol25/iss2/5Ultrastructure of Helminth 13911Inatomi et al.: The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of OpisthorchisProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 1971140 S. INATOMI, Y. TONGU, D. SAKUMOTO, S. SUGURI and K. ITANODISCUSSIONThe basic form of the integument resem bles that reported by THREAD-GOLD (1963 a, b) for Fasciola hepatica, by BURTON (1964, 1966) for Haemato-loechus and Gorgoderina, by INATOMI et al. (1968 a, b, 1969) for Clonorchissinensis, Metagonimus takahashii, and Schif.tosoma japonicum. There are twopoints at issues on the integument. The first is secretory granules andthe second is the distribution of the mitochondria,The secretory granules are surrounded by thin double membranesand the form is of an irregular small vesicle-like shape of about 0.2 micronin diameter. The form, structure and size of these secretory granules arevery similar to those of Clonorchis sinensis. THREADGOLD (1968) reportedthat Fasciola hepatica have two different kinds of epidermal cells which areclassified by secretory granules. But a single type epidermal cell wasfound in Opisthorchis viverrini, and also Clonorchis sinensis just as with Haplo-metra cylindracea which was reported by THREADGOLD (1968 b).Numerous mitochondria of the integument of both Opisthorchis andClonorchis are distributed in the proximal outer surface of the integument.The fact that numerous mitochondria of the integument of trematodesbelonging to Opisthorchidae are distributed in the proximal outersurface of the integument, is necessuy for securing nutrients and protect-ing' themselves in the environment of their parasitic locality. This pointdiffers from that of Schistosomatidae as stated by BURTON (1966), THREAD-GOLD (1968), and INATOMI et al. (1969).THREADGOLD (1968) reported that Fasciola hepatica has two differentkinds of epidermal cells which are classified by secretory granules. How-ever, epidermal cells of a single type were found in Opisthorchis viverrini,and also in Clonorchis sinensis as in Haplometra cylindracea reported byTHREADGOLD (1968).The crystalline inclusions were found at the perinuclear portion ofthe epidermal cell. The£e crystalline inclusions were reported by THREAD-GOLD (1968) for Haplometra cylindracea, by INATOMI et al. (1968) for Clonorchissinensis. These are similar in shape, size, and arrangement. But thenature, substance and function of these inclusions are still unknown.The muscle of Opisthorchis viverrini belongs to the somatic muscle as insome other trematodes. But some of the muscle cells have the collagen-likefibers which are constructed of numerous periodics where seven bands ofdifferent kinds of density gather between the muscle fibers. Althoughthe nature, substances, and functions are unknown, it can be presumed,that these fibers are useful in association with the contraction of the12Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 25 [1971], Iss. 2, Art. 5http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol25/iss2/5som atic fibers.Ultrastructure of HelminthSUMMARY141Electron microscopy of the body wall of Opisthorchis viverrini shows theintegument which is connected to the epidermal cell with fine protoplasmictubules, to form a syncytium, as in Clonorchis sinensis and other trematodes.Vacuole-like secretory granules are distributed in the matrix of theintegument, and mitochondria are arranged at the proximal outer surfaceof the integument. The crystalline inclusions are observed in the perinu-cleus of some epidermal cells.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe express sincere appreciation to Professor, Dr. CHAMLONG HARINASUTA, Universityof Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand, for his kind assistance in collecting the materials.Thanks are also due to the Japan-United States Cooperative Medical Science Program fortheir support toward the present work.REFERENCES1. BURTON, P. R.: The ultrastructure of the integument of the frog lung fluke, Haemato.loechus medioplexus. (Trematoda: Plagiorchidae). j. Morph. 115, 303, 19642. BURTON, P. R.: The ultrastructure of the integument of the frog bladder fluke, Corgo-derina sp. j. Parasit. 52, 926, 19663. ERUSMUS, D. A.: The host-parasite interface of Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan (1962). (Tre-matoda; Strigeoidea). II. Electron microscope studies of the tegument. j. Parasit. 53,703, 19674. INATOMI, S., TONGU, Y., SAKUMOTO, D., ITO, Y. and ITANO, K.: The ultrastructure ofhelminth. 1) The body wall of Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1975) Looss, 1907. jap. j.Parasit. 17, 455, 1968 a.5. INATOMI, S., TONGU, Y., SAKUMOTO, D., SUGURJ, S. and ITANO, K.: The ultrastructureof helminth. 3) The body wall of Metagonimus takahashii. jap. j. Parasit. 17, 455, 1968b.6. INATOMI, S., TONGU, Y., SAKUMOTO, D., SUGURJ, S. and ITANO, K.: The ultrastructureof helminth. 3) The body wall of Schistosoma jafJOnicum. jafJ. j. Parasit. 18, 174, 19697. INATOMJ, S., TONGU, Y., SAKUMOTO, D., SUGURJ, S. and ITANO, K.: Ultrastructure ofSchistosoma japonicum. Recent advances in researches on Filariasis and Schistosomiasis inJapan. University of Tokyo Press, 257, 19708. MORRIS, G. P. and THREADGOLD, L. T.: Ultrastructure of tegument of adult Schistosomamansoni. j. Parasit. 54, 15-27, 19689. THREADGOLD, L. T.: The tegument and associated structure of Fasciola hepatica. Q. j.microsc. Sci. 104, 505, 1963 a.10. THREADGOLD, L. T.: The ultrastructure of the cuticle of Fasciola hepatica. Ex/ll. Cell Res.30, 238, 1963 b.13Inatomi et al.: The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of OpisthorchisProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 1971142 S.INATOMI, Y. TONGU, D. SAKUMOTO, S. SueuRI and K.ITANO11. THREADGOLD, L. T.: Electron microscope studies of Fasciola hepatica. III. Further observa-tions on the tegument and associated structures. Parasitology 57, 633, 196712. THREADGOLD, L. T.: The tegument and associated structure of Haplometra cylindracea.Parasitology 58, 1, 1968ABBREVIATION OF FIGURESBM· basal plasma membraneCi ciliaCI crystalline inclusionEC ·epidermal cellER ·endoplasmic reticulumI · ·.. ·integumentM ··muscleN nucleusPM····· 'plasma membraneSG ..... ·secretory granuleC· .. ·.... ·connective tissueCM····· ·circular muscleHL 'esophagus lumenG · Golgi complexLM · ·longitudinal muscleMi "mitochondriaNo nucleolusPT "protoplasmic tubuleSR "sarcoplasmic reticulum(Scale is one micron in each figure.)14Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 25 [1971], Iss. 2, Art. 5http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol25/iss2/5

The ultrastructure of helminth. VI. The body wall of Opisthorchis viverrini (Poirier, 1886)

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