A 23-year old woman with acute biphenotypic leukemia (ABL) complained of chest pain with cough, high fever and hemoptysis during induction chemotherapy, although she had been treated with anti-biotics and micafungin. We made a clinical diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) based on a consolidation in the right upper lung field on a chest radiograph as well as a high level of serum beta-D-glucan (with no evidence of tuberculosis and candidiasis). We changed her treatment from micafungin to voriconazole. Later, we discovered an air-crescent sign by CT scan that supported the diagnosis of IPA. Following voriconazole treatment, clinical symptoms ceased and abnormal chest shadows improved gradually and concurrently with a recovery of neutrophils. IPA must be considered in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates who do not respond to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Serological tests and CT findings can aid in early diagnosis of IPA, which, along with treatment for IPA, will improve clinical outcomes.</p

Hirano, Teiichi

Imai, Kiyotoshi

Kagawa, Kumiko

Kasai, Masaharu

Kiyama, Yoshio

Kobayashi, Koichiro

Kobayashi, Naoki

Miyazono, Takayoshi

Ogasawara, Masahiro

Tanimoto, Mitsune

Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository

Acta Medica OkayamaVolume 63, Issue 4 2009 Article 7AUGUST 2009Successful voriconazole treatment of invasivepulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with acutebiphenotypic leukemiaKoichiro Kobayashi, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama UniversityGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesMasahiro Ogasawara, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalYoshio Kiyama, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalTakayoshi Miyazono, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalKumiko Kagawa, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalKiyotoshi Imai, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalTeiichi Hirano, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalNaoki Kobayashi, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalMitsune Tanimoto, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama UniversityGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesMasaharu Kasai, Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu HospitalCopyright c©1999 OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. All rights reserved.Successful voriconazole treatment of invasivepulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with acutebiphenotypic leukemiaKoichiro Kobayashi, Masahiro Ogasawara, Yoshio Kiyama, TakayoshiMiyazono, Kumiko Kagawa, Kiyotoshi Imai, Teiichi Hirano, Naoki Kobayashi,Mitsune Tanimoto, and Masaharu KasaiAbstractA 23-year old woman with acute biphenotypic leukemia (ABL) complained of chest pain withcough, high fever and hemoptysis during induction chemotherapy, although she had been treatedwith anti-biotics and micafungin. We made a clinical diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis(IPA) based on a consolidation in the right upper lung field on a chest radiograph as well as a highlevel of serum beta-D-glucan (with no evidence of tuberculosis and candidiasis). We changed hertreatment from micafungin to voriconazole. Later, we discovered an air-crescent sign by CT scanthat supported the diagnosis of IPA. Following voriconazole treatment, clinical symptoms ceasedand abnormal chest shadows improved gradually and concurrently with a recovery of neutrophils.IPA must be considered in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates who do notrespond to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Serological tests and CT findings can aid in early diagnosisof IPA, which, along with treatment for IPA, will improve clinical outcomes.KEYWORDS: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, voriconazole, acute biphenotypic leukemia, febrileneutropenia, ?-D-glucanSuccessful Voriconazole Treatment of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in a Patient with Acute Biphenotypic LeukemiaKoichiro Kobayashia,b＊,  Masahiro Ogasawaraa,  Yoshio Kiyamaa,  Takayoshi Miyazonoa,   Kumiko Kagawaa,  Kiyotoshi Imaia,  Teiichi Hiranoa,  Naoki Kobayashia,   Mitsune Tanimotob,  and Masaharu KasaiaaDepartment of Hematology,  Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital,  Sapporo 003-0006,  Japan,  and  bDepartment of Hematology,  Oncology and Respiratory Medicine,  Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine,   Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences,  Okayama 700-8558,  JapanA 23-year old woman with acute biphenotypic leukemia (ABL) complained of chest pain with cough,  high fever and hemoptysis during induction chemotherapy,  although she had been treated with anti-biotics and micafungin.  We made a clinical diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) based on a consolidation in the right upper lung ﬁeld on a chest radiograph as well as a high level of serum ｹ-D-glucan (with no evidence of tuberculosis and candidiasis).  We changed her treatment from mica-fungin to voriconazole.  Later,  we discovered an air-crescent sign by CT scan that supported the diagnosis of IPA.  Following voriconazole treatment,  clinical symptoms ceased and abnormal chest shadows improved gradually and concurrently with a recovery of neutrophils.  IPA must be consid-ered in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary inﬁltrates who do not respond to broad-spec-trum antibiotics.  Serological tests and CT ﬁndings can aid in early diagnosis of IPA,  which,  along with treatment for IPA,  will improve clinical outcomes.Key words: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, voriconazole,  acute biphenotypic leukemia,  febrile neutropenia,  β-D-glucannvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a severe complication occurring in patients with neutropenia induced by intensive chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies.  The diagnosis of IPA is often delayed,  and eﬀective therapeutic agents are limited,  resulting in a poor prognosis with a mortality rate of 55ｵ to 80ｵ [1].  Cases of IPA complicating hematologic malignancies have recently increased in number [2].  It has been reported that the incidence of IPA with acute leukemia is 25ｵ to 55ｵ and that the incidence of IPA after allogenic bone marrow transplantations is 4ｵ to 10ｵ,  with a mortality rate of 80ｵ to 90ｵ [3].  Recently,  new antifungal agents such as voriconazole (VRCZ) and echinocandins,  including caspofungin and micafungin (MCFG),  have been clinically evaluated [4,  5].  VRCZ is one of the azoles,  a powerful antifungal agent,  especially against Aspergillus spp.  [6].  In western countries,  VRCZ is widely used in the second prophylaxis,  empirical,  or target therapy among patients with hematologic malig-nancies complicated with febrile neutropenia associ-ated with intensive chemotherapy [6].  However,  the eﬃcacy of VRCZ as initial therapy for IPA with neutropenia has not been investigated in Japan.  We IActa Med.  Okayama,  2009Vol.  63,  No.  4,  pp.  213ﾝ216CopyrightⒸ 2009 by Okayama University Medical School.Case Report http ://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/Received January 20, 2009 ; accepted March 27, 2009. ＊Corresponding author. Phone : ＋81ﾝ86ﾝ235ﾝ7226; Fax : ＋81ﾝ86ﾝ232ﾝ8226E-mail : kouichiro.kobayashi@mb3.seikyou.ne.jp (K. Kobayashi)1Kobayashi et al.: Successful voriconazole treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009report,  herein,  a successful treatment of IPA using VRCZ in a patient with acute biphenotypic leukemia (ABL).Case Report　 In August,  2005 a 23-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with fever,  general fatigue,  and ane-mia.  Hematological tests revealed a white blood cell count of 6.8×109/L,  with 8ｵ neutrophils and 26ｵ blast cells,  and a hemoglobin level of 8.0g/dL.  Bone marrow aspiration yielded a nuclear cell count of 395×109/L with 95.0ｵ blast cells.  The blast cells were negative for myeloperoxidase but positive for cyto-plasmic CD3 (cyCD3),  CD5,  CD7,  CD13,  CD33,  CD34,  CD117 and HLA-DR.  Cytogenetic analysis of a bone marrow specimen revealed an abnormal karyo-type in 24 of 24 cells of 46,  XX,  t (12; 19) (p13; p11),  add (1) (p34),  del (5) (q22q35),  del (7) (q32q34),  add (11) (p15),  add (16) (p13).  Thus,  this patient was given a diagnosis of acute biphenotypic leukemia (ABL).  Remission-induction chemotherapy,  consisting of idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside,  was initiated (Fig.  1).  For antifungal prophylaxis,  ﬂucon-azole was administered.  On the 16th day of chemo-therapy she experienced febrile neutropenia,  so cef-tazidime and amikacin were administered.  Because the high fever continued,  micafungin (150mg once a day,  drip infusion) was added.  Several tests,  such as blood and sputum culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for tuberculosis,  were all negative.  On the 22nd day of chemotherapy,  the patient complained of right chest pain with a cough and hemoptysis.  Although the neutrophil count had recovered to 2.0×109/L,  she experienced dyspnea and hypoxia (pulse oximeter oxygen saturation: SpO2 90ｵ on room air).  A chest radiograph revealed patchy opacities and a CT scan revealed a mass-like lesion in the right upper lung ﬁeld.  The level of β-D-glucan (Fungitec G test MK) was elevated (34.9pg/ml),  and a serum Candida-antigen test was negative.  Five days later,  a chest x-ray revealed a consolidation (Fig.  2A).  We could not perform a transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) or a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) because the patient was in poor systemic condition and had severe hypoxia.  We made a clinical diagnosis of IPA based on our ﬁndings thus far.  We adjusted her treatment from micafungin to VRCZ,  which resulted in an elimination of the clinical symptoms.  One week after the initiation of VRCZ treatment,  the neutrophil count had fully recovered but CT scan revealed a mass with a cavity surrounded by ground-glass opacity that indicated typical halo and air-crescent signs (Fig.  2B).  Three weeks after the start of VRCZ treatment,  the patient was switched from drip infusion to oral administration because abnormal chest shadows improved gradually.  In September,  2005 bone marrow aspiration ﬁndings revealed complete remission.  In October,  2005 the 214 Acta Med.  Okayama　Vol.  63,  No.  4Kobayashi et al.2005 August September OctoberChemotherapy AraCIDA VRCZ 400mg/day (iv)AntifungalTreatment FLCZ 200mg/day (po)MCFG 150mg/day (iv) VRCZ 300mg/day (po)Chest X-rayFever, Cough and Chest painNCC 2.85Blast 5.0%, karyotype 46XXNCC 39.5Blast 95.0%2.534.9βD-Glucan (pg/ml)180001200060000WBC (/mm3)Fig. 1　 Clinical course of the patient.  AraC indicates cytosine arabinoside; IDA,  idarubicin; FLCZ,  ﬂuconazole; MCFG,  micafungin; VRCZ,  voriconazole; NCC,  nuclear cell count.2Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 63 [2009], Iss. 4, Art. 7http://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/vol63/iss4/7mass with halo and air crescent signs remarkably improved on a chest radiograph and a CT scan (Fig.  2C and 2D).  Since then,  no recurrence of IPA has been observed during 3 courses of consolidation che-motherapies because oral VRCZ was continued for antifungal prophylaxis.Discussion　 Our case highlights a successful treatment of IPA in an immunocompromised patient with ABL.  In many cases,  a delayed diagnosis of IPA leads to more severe disease or even death.  Despite recent advances in antifungal treatment,  clinical outcomes are still generally considered to be inadequate [7] with the best reported response rates in the range of 50-60ｵ [6].  Response to treatment and survival can poten-tially be improved if speciﬁc antifungal treatment for IPA is initiated at an early stage of infection.  However,  an early diagnosis of IPA based on histo-pathological or mycological evidence can be diﬃcult to establish [8].  Sputum cultures are neither sensitive nor speciﬁc; positive sputum cultures do not always correlate with invasive disease,  and negative sputum cultures are common in patients with proven IPA [9].  Indeed,  in another report,  a culture of BAL remained negative in 70ｵ of IPA cases with neutropenia [10].  Moreover,  in a large number of patients with hemato-logical malignancy who are in poor systemic condition,  it is diﬃcult to perform invasive examinations such as TBLB and BAL.  Therefore,  to make an accurate diagnosis of deep fungal infection,  investigative eﬀorts have focused on molecular and serological diagnostic techniques that determine the presence of fungal cell-wall constituents such as galactomannan and β-D-glucan antigens.  For diagnosis of invasive asper-gillosis in immunocompromised patients,  the rates of sensitivity and speciﬁcity of serological tests were 215Aspergillosis with Biphenotypic LeukemiaAugust 2009ＡＢＣＤFig. 2　 Chest X-ray and CT evaluation of the patient.  A,  Chest X-ray on September 20,  showing pneumonia in the right upper lung; B,  CT scan of chest demonstrates typical air-crescent signs and many consolidations in the right pulmonary lobe at one week after the start of VRCZ treatment; C,  Chest X-ray on October 5,  showing improvement of pneumonia; D,  CT scan of chest demonstrates improvement at 3 weeks after the start of VRCZ treatment.3Kobayashi et al.: Successful voriconazole treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillProduced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 200970ｵ to 90ｵ and 84ｵ to 86ｵ,  respectively [11].  Although β-D-glucan is present in other pathogenic fungi such as Candida species,  measurement of this antigen in blood may be a useful preliminary screening tool for invasive aspergillosis.  Extensive eﬀorts have been made to detect the DNA of the Aspergillus species,  but a lack of technical standardization and a relatively poor understanding of DNA release and kinetics con-tinue to hamper the broad applicability of this tech-nique [12].　 CT scans may be able to detect lung involvement at an early stage of IPA [13].  The halo sign,  a macro nodule (＞1cm in diameter) surrounded by a perimeter of ground-grass opacity,  is regarded to be an early indicator of IPA [14] and has been incorporated into the inclusion criteria of clinical studies [6].  Syste-matic CT screening for the halo sign in high-risk patients has been recommended because the initiation of antifungal treatment on the basis of this ﬁnding may lead to better outcomes [15].  The present patient was diagnosed with IPA as a clinically documented fungal infection based on a mass in chest CT scans,  in addi-tion to high levels of serum β-D-glucan.  For early detection of IPA in immunocompromised patients,  the use of a combination of blood samples and CT scan appears to be the most promising approach.　 For the patient in this study,  chest x-rays,  CT ﬁndings,  and high levels of serum β-D-glucan led to a clinical diagnosis of IPA,  and VRCZ treatment was eﬀective as an early-presumptive therapy.  The key to obtaining a favorable outcome was early diagnosis,  a full recovery of neutrophils,  and aggressive antifungal treatment with VRCZ or lipid-based amphotericin-B for IPA.  Administration of these antifungal agents should be started as a presumptive therapy for IPA if clinical signs,  serological results,  chest x-rays or CT ﬁndings are suggestive of IPA.　 In conclusion,  IPA should be considered in immu-nocompromised patients with pulmonary inﬁltrates who do not respond to broad-spectrum antibiotics.  Sero-logical tests and CT ﬁndings aid in an early diagnosis of IPA which,  along with intensive treatment,  will improve clinical outcomes.References 1. Denning DW: Invasive aspergillosis.  Clin Infect Dis (1998) 26 :  781-803. 2. Marr KA,  Carter RA,  Boeckh M,  Martin P and Corey L: Invasive asperugillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients:  changes in epidemiology and risk factors.  Blood (2002) 100:  4358-4366. 3. Jantunen E,  Anttila VJ and Ruutu T: Aspergillus infections in allo-geneic stem cell transplant recipients: have we made any prog-ress? Bone Marrow Transplant (2002) 30: 925-929. 4. Denning DW: Echinocandin antifungal drugs.  Lancet (2003) 362: 1142-1151. 5. Ota S,  Tanaka J,  Kahata K,  Toubai T,  Kondo K,  Mori A,  Toyoshima N,  Musashi M,  Asaka M and Imamura M: Successful micafungin (FK463) treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a phase II study.  Int J Hematol (2004) 79: 390-393. 6. Herbrecht R,  Denning DW,  Patterson TF,  Bennett JE,  Greene RE,  Oestmann JW,  Kern WV,  Marr KA,  Ribaud P,  Lortholary O,  Sylvester R,  Rubin RH,  Wingard JR,  Stark P,  Durand C,  Caillot D,  Thiel E,  Chandrasekar PH,  Hodges MR,  Schlamm HT,  Troke PF and de Pauw B; Invasive Fungal Infections Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Global Aspergillus Study Group: Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis.  N Engl J Med (2002) 347: 408-415. 7. Perfect JR,  Cox GM,  Lee JY,  Kauﬀman CA,  de Repentigny L,  Chapman SW,  Morrison VA,  Pappas P,  Hiemenz JW and Stevens DA; Mycoses Study Group: The impact of culture isolation of Aspergillus species: a hospital-based survey of aspergillosis.  Clin Infect Dis (2001) 33: 1824-1833. 8. Reichenberger F,  Habicht JM,  Gratwohl A and Tamm M: Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients.  Eur Respir J (2002) 19: 743-755. 9. Horvath JA and Dummer S: The use of respiratory-tract cultures in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Am J Med (1996) 100: 171-178.10. Caillot D,  Couaillier JF,  Bernard A,  Casasnovas O,  Denning DW,  Mannone L,  Lopez J,  Couillault G,  Piard F,  Vagner O and Guy H: Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pul-monary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia.  J Clin Oncol (2001) 19: 253-259.11. Verweij PE,  Stynen D,  Rijs AJ,  de Pauw BE,  Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA and Meis JF: Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay compared with Pastorex latex agglutination test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients.  J Clin Microbiol (1995) 33: 1912-1914.12. Hope WW,  Walsh TJ and Denning DW: Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.  Lancet Infect Dis (2005) 5: 609-622.13. 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Successful voriconazole treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with acute biphenotypic leukemia

Successful voriconazole treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with acute biphenotypic leukemia

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