The artificial pancreas is now a viable treatment option for people with Type 1 diabetes and has demonstrated improved glycaemic outcomes while also reducing the onus of self-management of Type 1 diabetes. Closed-loop glucose-responsive insulin delivery guided by real-time sensor glucose readings can accommodate highly variable day-to-day insulin requirements and reduce the hypoglycaemia risk observed with tight glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes. In 2011, the James Lind Alliance research priorities for Type 1 diabetes were produced and priority 3 was to establish whether an artificial pancreas (closed-loop system) for Type 1 diabetes is effective. This review focuses on the progress that has been made in the evolution of closed-loop systems as an effective treatment option for Type 1 diabetes. Development of closed-loop systems has advanced from feasibility evaluations in highly supervised settings over short periods, to clinical studies in free-living, unsupervised conditions lasting several months. The approval in the USA of the first hybrid closed-loop system (MiniMed® 670G pump, Medtronic, Northridge, CA, USA) in 2016 for use in Type 1 diabetes reflects these advancements. We discuss the evidence from clinical studies that closed-loop systems are effective with improved glycaemic outcomes, reduced hypoglycaemia and had positive end-user acceptance in children, adolescents, adults and pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes. We also present the outlook for future closed-loop systems in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes and identify the challenges facing the wide-spread clinical adoption of this technology
