Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1998Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1998Toplumsal yaşamın süregeldiği ve aynı zamanda toplumu etkileyen, toplumsal yaşamı belirleyen faktörlerin ortamı olan çevrenin algılanan ve hayata geçirilen bölümüne mekan adı verilir. Belli bir amaç doğrultusunda biraraya gelen insanların ilişkilerinin zaman içindeki birleşimi de kentsel mekanı oluşturur. Kentsel mekan içinde, kent karakterini belirleyen önemli elemanlardan birisi de yollardır. Aynı zamanda peyzaj elemanı olarak ta değerlendirilen yolların ağaçlandırılması konusu; yeşilin ve bireyleri ortak bir amaç için biraraya getiren kamusal kent mekanlarının hızla azaldığı günümüzde önemle üzerinde durulması gereken bir konudur. Ağaçlandırma da, yolun proje hızı, güzergahı, paralelizm, kazı ve dolgular ve yol geometrik standartları gibi, yol peyzajına etki eden planlama elemanlarından birisidir. Uygun bir bitkilendirme ile, yolun çevresi ile intibakının sağlanması yanında, görsel estetik yaratma, hava sıcaklığını ayarlama, temiz hava sağlama, istenmeyen objeleri gizleme, rüzgar ve gürültü siperi yaratma, trafik emniyeti ve toprak stabilizasyonunu sağlama gibi çeşitli işlevler de yerine getirilebilir. Ancak yol bitkilendirmesine gereken önem verilmediğinden, yanlış bitkilendirme ile yolun hataları daha da fazla belirginleştirilmektedir. Bu bakımdan yol bitkilendirme projelerinde tür seçimi ve tesis tekniği büyük önem taşımaktadır. Tezin konusunu oluşturan yol ağaçlandırmaları, 6 bölümde incelenmiştir : Bölüm 1 'de konuya giriş yapılmıştır. Bölüm 2'de şehirsel mekan kavramı ve şehirsel mekan elemanı olarak yollar ile ilgili konuya kısaca değinildikten sonra, Bölüm 3 'de peyzaj elemanı olarak yollar ve yol peyzajına etki eden planlama elemanları anlatılmıştır. Bölüm 4'de yol peyzajına etki eden planlama elemanlarından biri olarak yol ağaçlandırmaları, kent içi yol ve kırsal alan yol ağaçlandırmaları olarak ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelendi. Her iki yol tipinde de ayrı ayrı tür seçimi ve tesis tekniği ile ilgili bilgiler verildi. Bölüm 5 'de, konu ile ilgili araştırma alanı olarak seçilen Barbaros Bulvarı (Beşiktaş) ve TEM-Bayramoğlu karayolu ağaçlandırmaları, verilen bu bilgiler ışığında gerek tür seçimi gerekse tesis tekniği açısından incelendi ve fotoğraflarla, uygulamadaki olumlu veya olumsuz yönler irdelenerek öneriler yapıldı. Bölüm 6'da ise konu ile ilgili sonuç ve değerlendirmeler yapıldı. Özet olarak ; yol ağaçlandırmaları çalışmalarına gün geçtikçe daha fazla önem verilmesi gerektiği, araştırmanın sonucundan da anlaşılmaktadır.The Plantation of Road With Trees As a Planing Element That Affects The Landscape of Road Environment is the space that the social life continues and at the sametime is a scene for the happenings and changes in this social life. Place is the limited part of the environment that we observe and realize. The city space occurs from the relations of similiar aimed people bounded with time. İn the city space, the road is an important element that states the character of a city. To plant of roads with trees, as a lansdcape element, especially while we are totally loosing the union of green and human nowadays, is a very important an sensitive subject. The roads are important elements, which determine the character of cities. Not only physical places. The cultures, social period or life or societies are on the roads. It is able to determined. Roads which ensure the accessibility of duelling. Is the best lively environment of social living. Individuals the best lively environment of social living. Individuals and society are meet at the same place and various activities are done during the way. Also perceiving of dwellings are realised during the ways. The roads which are important in our life also was established network. In the structures belongs to civil engineering are take the place maximum. The meeting difficulties in landscape due to various reasons. These are came into existence from several forms belong to each other and also easy. The road is consist of a line. It is decided the landscape, so it is strong plan element. It is ensured the link between the using areas of men, so it is the best forceful line. The success of this line dependent on the knowledge and experimentation on application of civil engineering and economic principals and also to the value of landscape and place in the landscape in choosing are so important. Because other particulars are same or the difference between the available way and a middle way which is very similar is came into existence due to landscape quality. Another working to fit the ways is plant with trees the roads. At the same time, the roads which are one of the planning elements are impressed the relationship between the ways and landscape. It is theme of the thesis. xiv It is able to plant with trees the roads by having changes and curls which make part of the environment and giving living features. Otherwise, before to plant with trees the roads it will be useful to explain about other planning elements which are impressed the relations between ways and landscape. These elements are at the following: Project Speed of Way : It changes dependent on the move away speed of landscape's natural when the speed gets increase the relation is decreased between the way and landscape. Route of Way : A clear route makes awake the driver, so he enjoy the view by driving. It is ensured the best seeing from traffic point of view. Parallelism : Narrow middle refuge between two roads which are parallel to each other cause the expense for maintenance and makes quite bad effect. Excavations and Fillings : It is advised that to be come lower the incline naturally both from the point of view of seeing and inhibit the erosion. Geometrical standards of roads : These standards were fixed for geometrical dimensions belongs to width, incline and radius of roads. When traffic current get increased then these standards will be increased. Vegetation (a forestation) : is important in case of having route and settling otherwise, it may only strengthen the mistakes of roads. Plant with trees the road has many functions as planing element: 1. Cause to cease the Natural longing and produce Visual Aesthetic : Trees on the roads effects the view and remove just a little the natural longing. It breaks the monotony. In case of need, is linked the visual value and is created focal point. 2. To Adjust the temperature and Humidity : City areas get heat and loss quick. Plant, trees, projects the rays to the roof and is absorbed some of them and is disturbed. For this reason, it gets cool in shady places in summer time. 3. Cleaning Dirty Air and Ensuring Air : To produce the green area and trees (02) makes cure the air. Specially from the point of view of breathing. Also gasoline, oil used for motor- vehicles and coal, gas and oil used for heating plants by human. xv 4. To Camouflage the Objectives requested to leave, out of field of view : Some bad views are able to camouflage industrial area, industrial plants, stone and sand chimneys, squatter's houses, grave for carriage by plant with tre 5. Snow and Wind Screen : Strong winds and snow-drifts in open areas non-defended make possible traffic accidents and traffic difficulties. But plant with trees and wind board products such difficulties. 6. Board against to Headlight : The roads which were separated from double directed traffic by large medium refuge. That is the matter in question. The refuge being plant with trees are prevented the lights came from vehicle on ninths. 7. To obstruct and decrease the Accidents : Trees on the road are warned the drivers from the point of view of traffic also are obstructed the attract of drivers. 8. Signal Effects : Various plant with trees made during the road to the drivers. For example : long trees and trees in the shape of pyramid may show the cross-roads to the drivers. Boards against to Loud: Motor-vehicles make loud around 80-90 dB (decibel),so this value effects the human health. Plant with trees the roads available may decrease the plant effect against the environment. Plant with trees dense is also effective to prevent the loud. 10. Board against Dust and Gas : Dusts are come into existence from organic and inorganic elements belongs to various heavy and light metals and other source... They reach the plant organs in dry and falling in. trees are able to keep the dusts on body, branches and leafs. Except this active effect, trees decelerates the speed of wind and inhibits and make falling in. In this way, it prevents from dusts and drain passive. 11. To Ensure Stabilisation of Earth : Kind of plant with trees to be made with an objective stabilisation in filling and excavation slopes should be harmonious with landscape mould. Plants should be studied and to be used. Vegetation to be made in excavation should be soften the surface of slope and showed natural landscape. xvi Otherwise, it makes soften the sharp-line of buildings and removes the monotony. It is made in increase the travelling and is ensured shadow. This, people see the natural views. Also there much matters with them during plant with trees and planning and application. These are at the following: 1. Nutrition insufficiency : Food staffs made of plants are necessary for growth of plants. These are elements and compounds which may not completed by chemical substances. Earth should be profitable. Because plants receive the food staffs from the earth. The earth available need heat, oxygen water mineral food staffs. For this reason; earth which have enough food staffs for plants should be determined according to kind of plant. Plants should be receive necessary substances by watering sufficient. 2. Abnormal Weather Conditions : Over current heats or colds cause to big damages. In cities sun-rays make changes to form of trees by inflection. From asphalt, concrete stones. It is increased heats and dryness. Also strong winds are able to break the trees. Sort of trees should be chosen according to climates in region. They should not receive the damages due to a normal air-conditions on plant with trees the roads. 3. Various Diseases and Harmful Animals : These are collected in 3 groups. Virus diseases, bacterium plant diseases and Mycosis. The damages are too much made to the plants and specially trees. For example: Plane- trees are important dangerous for plane trees. For this reason, necessary precautions should be taken to defend the living from these harmful animals. 4. Accidents and Losses came from Road Operations and other reasons : It is connected with attention of human. For example : In summer time during the asphalt operation and restorations ultraviolet-rays and steam's effects the leafs and destroy the chlorophyll. Excavations made for PTT, electricity, drainage, water etc. are harmful for roots of trees. At the same time branches, body are exposed the bellows from men are motor- vehicles. 5. Insufficiency of Living Area : Insufficiency of living area which is distributed for trees in 40x40 or 60x60 cm of area is not enough. Trees have not carry out their functions because of pressed their roots. Roots of trees which are covered by concert pavement demolish the pavement by falling down under the road. xvti 6. Maintaining Insufficiency : After plant the trees ; cutting manuring and watering are so necessary and important for growing of trees also carry out the functions. We may collect them in two groups. Plant with trees in cities and villages. 1. Plant with trees in cities : These are under the effect of industrial ecosystems. Humidity in air is insufficient due to covering the asphalt, concrete and building in cities. Otherwise humidity ensure for growing the trees. There is another problem with organic dirty water came from fruits and leafs in city. The earth may not feed with these dirty water. Another negative large matter is air-pollution which effects the trees. Building material and cement are thrown away the edge of roads. Cities have quite limited areas. Except general rules some quantities should be chosen the trees. I. It should be available to growing environment with climate and earth conditions. For example : In the places that air-pollution is existing the most weak and thick-leafs and conifers. The most strong are green thick-leafs. Conifers which may effect should not used on roads in cities. II. Species which have long level and in the form of uniform growing fast and long- term also non-friable species are chosen. HI. Species which have symmetrical build ; suitable with form and width. It should be in beautiful view. IV. It should be strong winds in wind-gate created by buildings. V. It should be strong against all kind of corks and insect diseases. VI. Strong species should be chosen to salt in operations at the coast of sea. VII. In cities which have snow too much, the leafs have thick hills and friable and breakable easy should be chosen. VIII. Species which won't create root and vine-stocks for not cause harm the sub builds and road plats. IX. Clear species which will not create shadow should be chosen. Species which have falling the leaf or peel and skin and crushed fruits should not be chosen. X. Should be strong against mechanical damages in cities. If such accidents occur, it is able to prevent in short-time. Otherwise, it should be strong against cutting. XI. Conformable species which to be chosen in roads in cities according to traffic, motor-vehicles, pedestrian ways and form of streets. In cities technical of xvm establishment is much important. It should be at the following : according to buildings, gardens, lightings, sub-buildings and various establishments. In establishment technics, angles of sun-rays and shadow situations are important. For example : Trees on north side are received the lights much more than south side. In establishment technic important like phone lines drainage, dirty water which are necessary in sub-buildings. For example : If plant tree should be beside electricity, telephone lines, drainage channels, the distance should be from 3 m. and 4 m. It should be taken into consideration. Another important matter is with of pavement road and refuge. Should middle refuge is narrow should not plant the tree. Otherwise we should take prevent against headlamps. So if width of pavement is less than 4 m. It is dangerous. Because it hinders the walking also to plant with trees should be the length is less than 5 m. Plant with trees on pavements should be at least 3 m. from facade of building and 1 m. inside from the road. It is effected to determine the diameter forms. Expansion of root areas of species. For example : Space of plane trees which has large huge should be at least 15 m. 2. Plant with trees in villages : Main roads are subject to the plant with trees in villages. At the first seeing, it is understood with opposite particulars from the stand point of technical. Otherwise, it is able to plant with trees in cities. Here, the main principles to choose the samples which are not foreign to landscape of environment. Should the road pass the village and pasture and agricultural field short-bushes should be used instead of vegetation in a crowd. In case of insensibility views, it is able to be used short plants instead of covering, on buffer-zones green plate species should be used. For plant with trees in group protecting for lightings, developing and strong and various functions should be chosen. Plant with trees in village, should refuge is wide than 4 m., we should plant instead of plant trees. In this way it is project the drivers from blows long plants is used for drivers by passing over lighting on middle refuge. Plant with trees on curved road is important due to it makes signal for drivers. For example: By making plant with trees long it is reminded the drivers on entrance the bridges and curves. On the places which have sign, colored plants attracts the drivers so, it should be taken into consideration. To understand the sign, the background should be created with plants. Establishment technics in roads, depend on increasing speed different than plant with trees in cities. When the speed different than plant with trees in cities. When the speed get increase, seeing is became narrow in large degree, so, to plant trees is so important on the main roads. On the road which have trees between the 5 m. and 7.5 m. are appeared like a wall. Trees which have double rank is dangerous on the main roads. Drivers feel sleepy and also breaks the relation between the road and landscape. Some cars under controlled strikes the trees. The leafs on the road cause to accident and also expensive in economical. xix The speed is too much on the main roads. So trees should plant inside. Trees should be harmonies with plants on the edge of road. It is suitable to plant with trees in inclination of slopes on road side must decreased. We must be careful if there is root strong. Various species should not put side by side. In cross-roads which are most important plant with trees it should be carried out. But otherwise field of view, should not be binder. The important matter is to plant with trees in car-parks. In cities other than in city and villages. The important matter is we should choose strong species against exhaust and pollution. Otherwise motor-vehicles must not come near root of trees. Stones for edge are able to think in enough height which prevent draw near the motor-vehicles to tree. Trees for car-parks are chosen being long life and make shadow and growing fast. We do not necessary consider plant with trees in villages. Otherwise it is so important. We understand this situation on the studies that we did. The plant with trees in cities and villages. Barbaros Bulvarı (Beşiktaş) for cities and TEM Bayramoğlu main road for villages. For example Barbaros Bulvarı is chosen for research area. Plant with trees should be done with large refuge. 0.5 m. from inside length 2 m. and 20-30 cm. height having plant with trees. If it be necessary from the point of view establishment technical. This is successfully studying. Example for plant with trees in villages in Bayramoğlu. It is wrong to say that plant with trees successful in Bayramoğlu main-road. A few positive applications are existing in this field, so unconscious study. Otherwise, we hope that the situation will be improved in the future and they will consider about it. Also necessary legal operations will be done connected with this subjected.Yüksek LisansM.Sc
