Phytoextraction of heavy metal contaminated soils with Thlaspi goesingense and Amaranthus hybridus : Rhizosphere manipulation using EDTA and ammonium sulfate

Abstract

Selection of appropriate plant species and rhizosphere manipulation to enhance metal uptake are considered key factors in the development of phytoextraction technologies. A pot trial was conducted with two contaminated soils to investigate the effect of EDTA and ammonium sulfate on the accumulation of heavy metals into shoots of the low-biomass hyperaccumlator Thlaspi goesingense Halacsy (Brassicaceae) and the high-biomass non-hyperaccumulating plant Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae). Upon application of 1 g EDTA (kg soil)(-1) metal extractability with I M NH(4)NO(3) increased substantially, whereas the application of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) was less effective. The EDTA treatment increased the heavy metal concentrations in both plant species, however, the difference to the control was larger for A. hybridus. EDTA enhanced shoot concentrations in A. hybridus grown on soil Arnoldstein from 32.7 mg kg(-1) to 1140 mg kg(-1) for Pb and from 3.80 mg kg(-1) to 10.3 mg kg(-1) for Cd. Cd concentrations in shoots of T. goesingense were also increased by EDTA application, however, a slight decrease was observed for Pb. T. goesingense accumulated 2840 mg Pb kg(-1) without any treatment. This is the first report of Pb hyperacumulation by T goesingense. A decrease of shoot Pb concentration was observed in T. goesingense upon treatment with ammonium sulfate. Although metal concentrations in the shoots were rather large and significantly increased upon application of EDTA, plant growth and heavy metal removal were still too small to obtain reasonable extraction rates in soils heavily polluted by metals. It should be also noted that metal lability largely increased in EDTA-treated soils and this lability persisted for several weeks after the application of the chelating agent, which is likely to be associated with the risk of groundwater contamination