The delivery capability of construction firms is determined to a large extent by the quality of their subcontractors. A survey was therefore undertaken among main contractors to identify and prioritize their needs in the selection of construction subcontractors in Nigeria. Findings were presented from 78 main contractor organizations out of 120 construction firms surveyed in the six geo-political regions of the country. Utilizing the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach, pair-wise comparison matrix and other descriptive statistical techniques, the results indicated that the three most important needs are: subcontractors’ past experience in terms of type and size of projects completed; nature of contract to be executed; and prior relationships with the contractor organizations. The study concluded that for an enhanced performance of construction subcontractors on sites, priority attention should be accorded to some of the identified influencing needs by main contractors in this perspective

Hoxha, Ibrahim

Musa, Alush

Sinani, Abdyl

Xhabiri, Gafur

English

The study examined the inhibiting factors to female participation in sport in Nigerian universities. A descriptive research design of survey type was adopted for the study, and a self structured questionnaire was used to collect information from a sample of 300 female undergraduates. Data collected were analysed with the use of frequency counts, mean scores percentages and chi-square statistics. Findings revealed that parental influence is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sport. However, other variables considered in the study revealed that non availability of standard sport facilities and equipment; coping with academic stress; and university policy on sport are inhibiting factors to female sport participation in Nigerian universities. It was suggested that government and non governmental agencies, the university authorities, as well as corporate organizations should provide more sport facilities, review academic programmes and university sport policy that will be of utmost benefits to female participation in sport

Akindutire, Isaac Olusola

Oyeniyi, Pat.

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 76  INHIBITING FACTORS TO FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN SPORT IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES    Isaac  Olusola  Akindutire, PhD  Pat. Oyeniyi, PhD Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria   Abstract The study examined the inhibiting factors to female participation in sport in Nigerian universities. A descriptive research design of survey type was adopted for the study, and a self structured questionnaire was used to collect information from a sample of 300 female undergraduates. Data collected were analysed with the use of frequency counts, mean scores percentages and chi-square statistics. Findings revealed that parental influence is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sport. However, other variables considered in the study revealed that non availability of standard sport facilities and equipment; coping with academic stress; and university policy on sport are inhibiting factors to female sport participation in Nigerian universities. It was suggested that government and non governmental agencies, the university authorities, as well as corporate organizations should provide more sport facilities, review academic programmes and university sport policy that will be of utmost benefits to female participation in sport.  Keywords: Inhibiting factor, sport participation, academic stress, parental influence  Introduction  Sports participation is a means of bringing people of different culture and creeds together, it serves as avenue where people of different genders, ages and religious background and political afflictions meet without any rancour. It is a social agent where people of different ages and political backgrounds meet as either producers or consumers European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 77  (players and spectators). Justifying the importance of sports, Gbadamosi (2000) claimed that sports are one of the unifying instruments that unite human beings irrespective of race, gender, class and others. He stressed further that it has emerged as a global, cultural institution that unites the world, which has however become part of human nature and transcends the man made bias and other hindrances placed before the human race. Mohammed (1998) observed that sport can achieve what it takes peace talk, diplomatic treaties and conferences a longer period to achieve. He also posited that it is only  sport that could, in a short time, bring  warring nations , for example, the Jews and the Arabs, England and Argentina, Ghana and Togo and others to list a few. Onifade (2001) noted that sport has become an inexorable part of modern society with its influence being felt in all facets of national life, and has also become a symbol of national unity which governments utilize to legitimize  themselves. Worldwide, most especially in the developed countries of the world, institutional sports has always been the basis for selection of athletes for international competitions. Apart from this, an institutional sport has been used by students to keep fit, socialize and prolong life. Both male and female participates in sports to keep fit and live a healthy life devoid of disease or any infirmity. Many universities worldwide provide sporting facilities for both male and female students to keep them relaxed after rigorous academic work. At times female undergraduates participate in sports in order to be physically fit. According to Jones, Ainsworth and Croft (1998) and Vuori (1995) regular physical activities remain an important behavior of promoting health, postponing or preventing prevalence of neuromuscular disorders, such as, mechanical low back pain, neck and shoulder pain and decreasing the risk of developing coronary heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity and colon cancers. However in spite of the importance of sports and physical activities to the female undergraduates, many factors seem to be hindering their participation. These include parental influence, availability of standard facilities and equipment, coping with academic stress and university policy on sports. At times many parents frown at their children’s participation in sports while some encourage them.  In Nigeria, many universities lack standard facilities and equipment needed for sports participation either for competition or for recreational purposes. Oyeniyi (2002) submitted that facilities and equipment are the power house of sport, hence they are indispensable to competitive and recreational sports. This study therefore, examined inhibiting factors to European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 78  female sports participation in Nigerian universities with special interest in variables of parental influence, availability of standard facilities and equipment, coping with academic stress and university policy on sports. Hypotheses The following hypotheses were tested: 1. Parental influence is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports in Nigerian universities  2. Availability of standard facilities and equipment is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sport  3. Academic stress is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports. 4. University policy on sport is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports.  Methodology   Descriptive research design of survey type was adopted for the study. The population of the study was all female undergraduates of universities located in south western Nigeria. The sample for the study consisted of 300 female undergraduates purposively and randomly selected from state and federal universities. A self designed questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. The reliability of the instrument was carried out through the use of Cronbach alpha statistics and an r of 0.73 was obtained. Data collection was done through the help of research assistants. The data were analysed with the use of frequency counts, mean scores, percentages and chi-square.  Results Inhibiting Factors to Female Participation in Sports A Parental influence  Yes  No % X2 1. Sports participation is viewed as a waste of time by my parent 128 42.67 162 57.33   1.62 2 Sports equipment are bought for me by my parents 120 40 180 60 3 My parents always encourage me as a result of the importance of sports 194 64.67 106 35.33 European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 79  4 It is my interest that matters not my parents wish 202 67.33 98 32.67                                              X 161 53.67 139 46.33  B Availability of standard sports facility and equipment 5 Standard facilities encourage female participation 230 76.67 70 23.33            9.72 6 Equipment are available for female participation 265 88.33 35 11.67 7 Sports equipment are only made available for university  top athletes 158 52.67 142 47.33 8 Facilities are usually taken over by male students hence female do not have access to them. 55 18.33 24.5 81.67                                              X                                     177 59 123 41  C Academic stress 9 Lectures take place throughout the day so there is no chance for sports participation 114 38 186 62          7.68 10 Assignment and field work take most of my time 188 62.67 112 37.33 11 Female lecturers frown at sports participation by female students 98 32.67 202 67.33 12 I cannot cope with academic stress and sports 104 34.67 196 65.3                                     X 126 42 174 58  D University policy on sport 13 The University gives room for sports participation by declaring an evening lecture free day  40 13.33 260 86.67                    115.32 14 Funds are released for development of facilities 54 18 256 82 15 Female sports participants are usually rewarded adequately 38 12.67 262 87.33 16 Females are accommodated in the hostel hence they have opportunity of participating in sports. 96 32 204 68                                     X 57 19 243 81  Critical value = 3.84 at 1 df.  From the table, items 1-4 are on parental influence as inhibiting factor to female sports participation in Nigerian Universities. The mean score showed that Yes had 161( 53.67%) while No had 139 (46.33%). The calculated chi-square gave a value of 1.62 which is European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 80  less than the critical value of 3.84 at 0.05 alpha level. With the result the hypothesis that stated that parental influence is not a significant inhibiting factor to female sports participation in Nigeria was not rejected.  Items 5-8 are on availability of standard sports facilities and equipment. The mean score showed that Yes had 177 (59%) while No had 123 (41%). The calculated chi-square of 9.82 obtained is greater than the table value of 3.84 at 0.05 level of significance. The hypothesis that availability of standard sport facilities and equipment is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports in Nigerian Universities was rejected.  Items 9-12 are on academic stress as inhibiting factor to female sports participation in Nigerian Universities. The mean score showed that Yes had 126 (42%) while No had 174 (58%). The calculated chi-square of 7.68 obtained is greater than the table value of 3.84 at 0.05 alpha level. Therefore, the hypothesis that academic stress is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports was rejected.  Items 13-16 are on University policy on sports. The mean score revealed that Yes had 57(19%) while No had 243(81%). The calculated chi-square obtained is 115.32 which is greater than the table value of 3.84 at 0.05 alpha level. With the result the hypothesis that university policy on sports is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports was rejected.  Discussion  The study revealed that parental influence is not a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports in Nigeria Universities. This may be due to the fact that majority of the students do not stay with their parents. However, it was discovered that many parents encourage their children to participate in sports as a result of the advantages therein. Regular physical activity remains an important behavior for promoting health, postponing or preventing prevalence of neuromuscular disorders such as mechanical low back pain, neck and shoulder pain and decreasing the risk of developing coronary hearth diseases, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity and colon cancers (Jones, Ainsworth & Croft, 1998; Vuori, 1995).  The findings also revealed that availability of standard facilities and equipment are inhibiting factors to sports participation by the female in Nigerian Universities. The findings is consistent with Oyeniyi (2002) who posited that facilities and equipment are power house of sports, hence they are indispensable in competitive and recreational sports. European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 81   Furthermore, it was discovered that academic stress is a significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports in Nigerian Universities. This result may be own to the ways and methods in which academic programmes are arranged which do not allow students enough time to participate in sports. At times students especially female are being victimized by lecturers for attending sporting programs instead of going for evening classes (Akindutire, 1998).  It was also found out that university policy on sports is another factor inhibiting female participation in sports in Nigerian Universities. These University policies may include accommodation for female students, non provision of an evening for sports participation and others to list a few.  Conclusion  The study examined the  factors inhibiting female participation in sport.  From the findings we were able to conclude that parents is not significant inhibiting factor to female participation in sports, However, it was discovered that availability of standard facilities and equipment, academic stress and university policy on sports are significant inhibiting factors to female participation in sports in Nigerian universities.  Recommendations  Based on the findings, it is therefore, suggested that parents should encourage their female children by buying sports equipment for them. Governing councils of universities and government should provide standard facilities and equipment in order to encourage female participation in sports. Also, university authorities should always  designate an evening as lecture free period so that students can participate in sporting programs, to reduce stress. University policies on sports should always be received and updated in order to encourage many sports participants.        European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 82  References: Akindutire, I. O. (1998). Incentive drive as function of the desire for participation in sports. Journal of Physical Education and Research 4(3), 588-591. Gbadamosi, S.(2000, October 22). Women participation in Olympics: 100 years after. Nigerian Tribune p 29.  Jones, D.A, Ainsworth, B.E  & Croft J. B. (1998, May /June). Moderate leisure time activity: Who is meeting the public heath recommendations? A national cross-sectional study. Archives of Family Medicine 7, 285-289, Mohammed, S.O. (1998, December). Importance of sports to developing nations DLAO/WALO  Magazine 171, 28-29. Onifade, A. (2001). Sport and society. In C. O. Udoh (Ed). Issues in human kinetics heath promotion and education (pp130-140). Ibadan: Chris-Rose ventures. Oyeniyi, P.O. (2002). Administrative indices as correlates of sports participation by the disabled in south-western Nigeria. Doctoral Thesis. University of Ibadan Vuori, I (1995). Exercise and physical health. Musculo-skeletal and functional capabilities. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 66,276-285.                 

INHIBITING FACTORS TO FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN SPORT IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

One of the most difficult problems that face teachers at classroom is the presence of students who do not want to read. Yet encouragement is essential for academic success. While encouraging all students is one of the most difficult assignments of teaching, there are different steps that teachers and parents can employ to encourage reluctant readers. The current study will address previous literature on encouragement of reluctant readers and associate it with possible teachers and parents applications and roles for improving reading skills in the class and at home

Al-Saleem, Basmah Issa Ahmad

ENCOURAGING RELUCTANT READERS TO READ

Aside from harnessing the earth's richest energy source — sunlight — green builders and designers examine a number of issues to make a building eco-friendly. Building materials are a huge concern. Even today, the building industry in the United States uses up forty percent of all raw materials. Any reduction through the use of sustainable, recycled materials will have a huge impact on resource preservation. Durability is another issue; if environmentally-friendly materials need to be replaced frequently, then they become less and less efficient. Good location is a central component of eco construction. Homes should be close to the community or public transportation to reduce the need for driving and they should be in a place that will not harm the environment around them. Green homes should also be designed to encourage recycling, manage water use, and minimize energy use, in this paper we will present a new design for Eco Homes in Jorda

Itewi, Mahmoud

Alsafasfeh, Qais

GREEN HOME WITH ENERGY SAVING DESIGN - ECO HOMES IN JORDAN

Though, Nigeria has ever faced series of security threatening challenges, the one caused by the activities of the Islamist sect, the Boko Haram remains quite unique in all ramifications. For instance, the Jos crises that claimed dozens of human lives were known to be limited to Plateau State and so also were the Niger Delta crises limited to the areas of the creeks of the River Niger. The sect claims responsibility for several bombings and snip activities in the northern and central Nigeria, thereby placing the nation at the threshold of disintegration. The central issue of this paper is to probe into the causes of the Boko Haram menace and why government has been unable to put an end to it. The author sees Boko Haram as an outcome of Nigeria‟s internal political, social, economic and to some extent, religious problems. It is therefore concluded with a position that the present happenings in Nigeria have undoubtedly made the call for a national conference very obvious. This will provide the platform for discussing grievances of groups for amicable solutions

Ahokegh, A. F.

BOKO HARAM: A 21st CENTURY CHALLENGE IN NIGERIA

Behind pastoral or technicist model zoo-livestock development in the agricultural area is dependent on Senufo tradition traditional scholarly progress which has long inspired the modern political development in many countries. In this scheme of conventional reading and technicist development, pastoralism is to be reduced to its natural size or material - bio-ecological, zootechnical, economic, veterinarian - to the detriment of non-material aspects - liturgical worship, religious, totemic myth - seen as vestiges of representation "archaic" livestock. Therefore practices "primitive pastoral" appear as a contradiction of rationality "positive" Western. This place theory, the question of religion-ecology system turns out to be nonsense. The livestock project becomes a matter for researchers and technicians nature excluding any social science expertise. But a decade was enough to realize that the results are not commensurate with the investments and expectations failure socioeconomic pastoral project was accompanied by another phenomenon otherwise unexpected: a setback spiritual, psycho-religious bearer "risks" to the cause of the failure of the project. How, then, humanity once "religiously environmentalist" is it achieved a dichotomous representation Ecology Religion-point land in the middle of Senufo propose a purely economic project today and become a client of this ecological consciousness lost? Despite a willingness to break with the ideology scholarly classic, there is a certain slowness to operate the epistemological break

Agnissan, Aubin Assi

European Scientific Journal, ESJ

ENVERS PASTORAL ET REVERS SPIRITUEL DANS L„ESPACE AGRAIRE SENOUFO EN COTE D‟IVOIRE

Researchers have made efforts to overcome the problems of mass failure and lack of seriousness in students at different levels of education in Nigeria and West Africa at large. It eventually turns to low standard, incompetence of the teachers handling the students which collectively have a negative impact on the capacity development of the youth. Different books of Muslim scholars and philosophers such as Shaykh Sharnūji‟s Ta‘limul-Muta‘llim and Imām al-Ghazālī categorised knowledge into three degrees in their ascending scale of certitude: Knowledge by inference, knowledge by perception or observation and knowledge by personal experience or intuition which its acquisition found difficult by contemporary West African students due to some problems which Tabsiratul ‟anām fī ‟annal ‘ilma Huwal-‟Imām addressed. A book written by a prolific writer – Shaykh Ibrahim al-Senegālī in which he propounded some theoretical views on the ways knowledge could be acquired, what can lead to forgetfulness, ethics of students and illegitimate succession of a leader among West Africa Sufi group. The work also embedded with wise sayings of early scholars that enrich intellectual ability of Arabic scholar

Shittu, Sulayman Adeniran

APPRAISAL OF TABSIRATUL-ANAM FĪ ANAL ‘ILMA HUWAL-IMAM (MIRROR TO THE WORLD: THAT KNOWLEDGE IS THE LEADER)

Anonymous inscription on others‟ properties has attracted research from multiple perspectives. This paper takes interest in graffiti from linguistic and pedagogical perspectives. It is concerned with spelling phenomena in statements made by Jordanian non-native English speakers. It delineates the phenomena unique to Jordanian foreign learners and those exclusive to English native speakers, as well as the phenomena common to both groups. Graffiti from private English-medium schools have been videotaped, transcribed, and coded. The resulting corpus has been analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results revealed that Jordanian learners of English did develop a sense of ownership of the language that motivated them to play with its spelling for attention-seeking, innovation, simplification, emotiveness, or politeness. They also followed spelling trends in English-speaking communities under the influence of globalization, SMS texting, and internet communication. In fact, some of these trends and the innovation spirit had a spillover effect on how students spelt their native Arabic using Roman rather than Arabic script. Quite often, they used Romanization for effect, emotion, boasting, or demeaning others. Jordanian English speakers made spelling errors in capitalization, contraction, vowel sequencing, and noun compounding. Most errors were due to sound assimilation, mispronunciation of English words, mother tongue interference, and rule overgeneralization. (200 words

AbuJaber, Hanna

Yagi, Sane M

Al-Ghalith, Asad

SPELLING ISSUES IN EFL GRAFFITI: ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS

The study object of this paper is the research conducted on the suitability of some wheat cultivars originating from region for production of bread in the agro climatic conditions of Kosovo. In the study one included seven wheat cultivars Evropa, Pobeda, and Renesanca (Serbia), Lenta and Luna (Slovenia), Isengrain (France) and Andolu (Italy). All these cultivars are registered in the national list of the wheat varieties in Kosovo. The experiment was conducted in the village of Gramove in the Municipality of Viti, which is situated 60 km south of Prishtina, and the terrain elevation is 550 m. During the experiment one surveyed these varieties starting from sowing till milling and bread production. During the survey one tested the yield per kg/ha, weight of 1000 grains expressed in grams, hectoliter weight (kg/hl), protein content, moisture, wet gluten and sediment, as well as rheological attributes measures with farinograph and extensograph. Based on the results that were obtained, one can observe a better suitability with the agro climatic conditions prevailing in Republic of Kosovo for the purpose of production of bread in the cultivars of Renesanca and Luna, given that they have a higher content of moist gluten, 29% respectively 31.4%, in addition to having favorable farinograph and extensograph characteristics for production of bread

European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 118 SUITABILITY OF SOME WHEAT CULTIVARS FROM THE REGION TO THE AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF KOSOVO FOR PRODUCTION OF BREAD     Ibrahim Hoxha, Mr.sc. Agriculture University of Tirana, Faculty of Food Biotechnology, Tirana, Albania  Gafur Xhabiri ,Mr.sc. State University of Tetovo, Faculty of Food Technology and Nutrition, Gostivar, Macedonia  Alush Musa, Ass. Prof. University of Prishtina, Faculty of Geosciences and Technology, Mitrovica, Kosovo  Abdyl Sinani , PhD Professor at the Agriculture University of Tirana, Faculty of Food Biotechnology, Tirana, Albania   Abstract  The study object of this paper is the research conducted on the suitability of some wheat cultivars originating from region for production of bread in the agro climatic conditions of Kosovo. In the study one included seven wheat cultivars Evropa, Pobeda, and Renesanca (Serbia), Lenta and Luna (Slovenia), Isengrain (France) and Andolu (Italy). All these cultivars are registered in the national list of the wheat varieties in Kosovo. The experiment was conducted in the village of Gramove in the Municipality of Viti, which is situated 60 km south of Prishtina, and the terrain elevation is 550 m. During the experiment one surveyed these varieties starting from sowing till milling and bread production.  During the survey one tested the yield per kg/ha, weight of 1000 grains expressed in grams, hectoliter weight (kg/hl), protein content, moisture, wet gluten and sediment, as well as rheological attributes measures with farinograph and extensograph.  Based on the results that were obtained, one can observe a better suitability with the agro European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 119 climatic conditions prevailing in Republic of Kosovo for the purpose of production of bread in the cultivars of Renesanca and Luna, given that they have a higher content of moist gluten, 29% respectively 31.4%, in addition to having favorable farinograph and extensograph characteristics for production of bread.   Keywords: agro climatic conditions, Luna, wet gluten, farinograph  Introduction: Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) represents a one year cultivation culture from family of Poacea, genus Triticum and it represents the most suitable plant for production of bread (Sinani A., 2009). In Kosovo this culture is cultivated in a surface of 70 000 – 75 000 hectares per year, which yields in average 3.2 – 3.6 t/ha. The small size of cultivation fields that are cultivated with wheat and relative low yield which is obtained leads to the fact that Kosovo cannot fulfill its needs with this product; therefore the major part of the wheat used in the consumption gets imported from neighboring countries (Kelmendi B., 2007). On the other hand Kosovo has still not produced its own wheat cultivar, which would be suitable for the agro climatic conditions of Kosovo.   The sowing seeds are mostly imported from the countries in the region and a small portion is reproduced and it is processed in Kosovo. Compared to the agro climatic and pedology data, the yield that is obtained from cultivation of wheat indicates to the lack of full utilization of genetic potential of the cultivars that are cultivated in our country. Due to this reason, one needs to use contemporary agro technical equipment in order to make full utilization of genetic potential, which would lead to the realization of yields of high quality for the production of bread and confectionary products, in line with the taste of the consumers. The fertilization represents one of the agricultural measures that improve the physical and chemical conditions of soil, which leads to the increase of soil fertility, hence on the yield of agricultural crops. The purpose of the fertilization is to provide to the soil the sufficient amounts of nutrients for whole the soil part where the roots get developed.  The bread production characteristics of the wheat are conditioned by the amount and the quality of the proteins presents in the grain (Lasztity, 2003), that is the high content of the proteins provides an overall better effect on the volume and the form of the bread (Pomeranz, 1988).  European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 120 In this study one evaluated the suitability of the seven wheat cultivars from the region, which are cultivated in the climatic conditions of Kosovo for the production of bread with various radius of milling.  Materials and methods The wheat cultivars that were used are Evropa, Pobeda, and Renesanca (Serbia), Lenta and Luna (Slovenia), Isengrain (France) and Andolu (Italy). For the purpose of research, one utilized the random experimentation method with 3 repetitions, the surface of the cultivation surfaces was 100 m2, the density of the cultivation 270 kg/ha, Fertilization with 12 kg N, 60 kg P and 60 kg K. The sowing was done on 7 November 2010 in the village of Gramove in the municipality of Viti in a block system with three repetitions for all the cultivars, the first fertilization was done on 25 March 2011 with NAG fertilizer, whereas the second fertilization took place on 26 April 2011.  The treatment of the cultivation surface against the weeds was performed 2 May 2011, whereas the harvest of the experiment crop was performed 17.07.2011 in order to determine certain parameters of the yield, such is the weight of the 1000 grains, for that purpose one cut the ears of grain in 1 m2, afterwards one utilized the harvesting experimental machine for the purpose of harvesting the ears of grain.  The milling was done in the experimental milling machine “Yukebas” in the lab of the flour factory “M-Silos” in Xerxe, a process which resulted in obtaining two fractions of flour type 500 and type 850, as well as bran.  The physical-chemical analysis was performed in compliance with the standard ICC methods (the ICC impurities with standard values 102/1, ICC moisture 110/1, ICC ash 104/1, ICC moist gluten 106/2). The determination of the rheological attributes was done by utilizing Farinograph and Extensograph produced by Brabender in compliance with the regulation on physical and chemical methods for analysis of wheat’s, of milling products and of baked products, pastas, frozen dough products, Official Gazette of RSFJ 74/88.   Results and discussions  Based on table 1, one can observe the difference between cultivars for 1000 grains, the hectoliter weight and the yield, despite the fact that all cultivars received the same amount of fertilizers.    Based on the weight of 1000 grains, one can observe that the highest weight for 1000 grains (absolute weight) was observed with the cultivar Renesanca (41.80 g), whereas the European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 121 lowest weight for 1000 grains was observed with cultivar Andolu (37.39 g). The highest hectoliter weight (kg/hl) was observed with cultivar Evropa 90.84 kg/hl, whereas the lowest hectoliter weight was observed with Andolu 77.2 kg/hl. Based on the yield (kg/ha) one could observe differences between cultivars, and in this context the highest yield was provided by Renesanca 7520 kg/ha, whereas the lowest yield was with Andolu 5350 kg/ha.    Table 1. The surveyed parameters of wheat cultivars Wheat Cultivar Weight of 1000 grains (g) Hectoliter weight (kg/hl) Yield (kg/ha) Evropa 90 40.27 84.4 7020 Pobeda 40.95 81.2 6897 Renesanca 41.80 83.5 7520 Andolu 37.39 78.2 5350 Isengrain 38.90 78.8 5610 Lenta 41.10 82.5 6720 Luna 40.12 81.4 6900   In graph 1, one can see the physical and chemical characteristics of the cultivars of wheat, whereby one can observe large differences between the tested wheat cultivars, especially in the percentage of wet gluten, as well as that of sedimentation, cultivars Lenta and Luna display a larger percentage (%) of wet gluten and sedimentation.             European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 122             Graph 1. The physical/chemical characteristics of wheat cultivars  Based on the general content of moisture, lowest level was observed with cultivar Evropa 90 (11.6 %), whereas the highest content of moisture was observed with Isengrein cultivar (14.6 %). Based on the content of proteins, the largest percentage was observed with cultivar Luna (12.9%), whereas the lowest percentage was displayed by cultivar Andolu (11.1 %). Based on the content of wet gluten, there were observed large differences between the researched cultivars, and in this regard the highest percent of gluten was displayed at cultivars Luna (31.4%), Lenta (30.4%) and Renesanca (29.0%), whereas the lowest was with cultivar Andolu (22.7%). Based on the content of the sediment, the highest level is observed with cultivar Luna (55%), whereas the lowest was at Andolu (34%).    Rheological characteristics were measured with farinograph and extensograph Brabender. The consistency of the dough until the point of reaching the optimal consistency by mixing it with a constant speed and the level of absorption of water, all these were determined by using the Brabender farinograph (Sinani A., 2009).         European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 123 Table 2. Depiction of rheological parameters with farinograph Farinograph Flours of cultivars Water absorption capability Dough Development Dough Stability Degree of softening  Quality Class Quality Group Evropa 90 63.6 1.0 4.5 110 65 B1 Pobeda 65 2.5 3.5 100 68 B1 Renasanca 64.7 2.0 3.4 90 66.7 B1 Andolu 62 1.7 4.5 75 54.3 B2 Isengrain 64 1.3 1.4 100 56.6 B1 Lenta 66.3 2.6 2.7 105 59.2 B1 Luna 66.7 4.0 3.7 80 67.5 B1   In table 2 one can observe the farinograph parameters, whereby it is displayed that the highest water absorption characteristic is with dough of cultivars Luna and Lenta with 66.7 and 64%, whereas the lowest is with dough of cultivar Andolu 62%. The dough development is of a higher scale with dough of cultivar Luna and Lenta with 4 respectively 2.6 minutes. Better dough stability is displayed by cultivar Evropa 90 and Andolu with 4.5 minutes; cultivars that follow are Luna with 3.7 minutes, Pobeda and Renesanca with 3.5 minutes, whereas Lenta and Insengrain have only 2.7, respectively 1.4 minutes. The degree of softening of dough is to be observed with cultivar Andolu with 75 FU, whereas the lowest is with Evropa 90 with 110 FU. All the wheat cultivars fall under quality group B1, only cultivar Andolu falls within group B2.   Extensograph measures the extendibility and resistance of dough during strain; the better characteristics are as a trait of gluten, as well as protolitic activity of enzymes or the damage that is done to gluten as a result of improper artificial drying (Xhabiri G. et al. 2011).  European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 124  Graph 2. Rheological parameters which were tested with Extensograph  The dough energy represents the value of the surface that is displayed by the curve in reference to the abscise axis and it is represented with cm2, the highest is with dough of cultivar Renesanca 85.8 cm2, cultivars that follow are Andolu (78.7 cm2), Pobeda (77.3 cm2), Evropa (74.7 cm2) and Luna (71.4 cm2), whereas the lowest values are with cultivars Lenta (66.8 cm2) and Insengrain (57.5 cm2). The highest resistance represents the highest level that curve reaches and it is expressed in U E units, based on the results this value varies in different cultivars, Evropa 90 390 EU, Pobeda 380 E U,  Renesanca-450 E U, Andolu-360 E U, Isengrain 410 E U, Lenta 370 E U, Luna 435 E U, therefore the highest resistance is displayed by cultivar Renesanca. The optimum ration between resistance and extendibility (R/E) for bread production is 1.5-2.5, most of the results displayed by cultivars fall within optimum limits, only cultivar Isengrain has a higher value of 2.7.   Conclusion: Based on the results and the tested parameters, we can conclude that:  Based on the weight of 1000 grains, it results that the yield obtained from cultivar Renesanca has the highest weight for 1000 grains with 41.8 g, as well as the yield of 7520 kg/ha;   The best hectoliter weight is observed with cultivar Evropa 90 with 84.4 kg/hl;   Based on the chemical parameter results that cultivar Luna is the highest quality cultivar with content of proteins of 13.2%, wet gluten 31.4 % and sedimentation 55 ml.  European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 125  Based on rheological analyses performed by farinograph, it results that cultivar Luna has the best rheological characteristics with a water absorption capability of 66.7%, the dough development of 4.0 minutes, the degree of softening 80 U.F.   Based on the rheological analysis performed by estensograph, it results that cultivar Renesanca has the best rheological characteristics with energy of 84.5 cm2, as well as the best ration R/O of 2.1.  Therefore, based on the above mentioned results regarding the wheat cultivars, based on physical-chemical characteristics of the flours obtained from these cultivars, as well as rheological characteristics of the dough obtained from these cultivars, it results that the cultivar Renesanca and Luna have the best characteristics for production of bread.    References: ICC-Standard No102/1 Working Method for the Determination of Besatz of Wheat , Approved 1964, Revised 1972. International Association for Cereal Chemistry. ICC-Standard No106/2 Working Method for the Determination of the Moisture Content of Cereals and Cereals Products, Approved 1960, Revised 1976. International Association for Cereal Chemistry. ICC-Standard No106/2 Working Method for the Determination of Wet Gluten in Wheat Flour, Approved 1960, Revised 1984. International Association for Cereal Chemistry. ICC-Standard No 104/1Determination of Ash in Cereals and Cereal Products, Approved 1960, Revised 1990. Kelmendi B. ,,Skripta teknologjia e drithërave”(scrip technology of cereals) Peja, 2007. Lasztity, R.: Prediction of Wheat Quality-Succes and Doubts. Periodica politechnica Ser. Chem. Eng. 46: 39-49. 2003. Regulation of physical and chemical methods of analysis of cereals, milling product and baking, dough and frozen dough, Official Gazette of SFRJ No 74, December (1988), 1854–1888. Pomeranz Y.: Composition and functionality of wheat Flour components. In Wheat: Chemistry and Technology (Vol. 2), ed. Pomeranz Y. American Association of Cereals Chemists, St Paul, MN, USA, pp 219-370, 1988. European Scientific Journal    September edition vol. 8, No.21   ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431 126 Sinani, A.: Shkenca dhe Teknologjia e Produkteve të Pjekjes (Science and Technology of bakery products), Maluka, Tirana, Albania, 2009. Sinani, A.: Teknologjia e Ruajtjes dhe Përpunimit të Drithërave (technology of preservation and processing of cereals), Maluka, Tirana, Albania, 2008. Xhabiri, G., Sinani, A.: Analizat laboratorike të drithërave, miellrave, brumërave dhe produkteve të pjekjes (Laboratory analysis of cereals, flour, dough and bakery products), Gostivar-Tirana, 2011.                            

SUITABILITY OF SOME WHEAT CULTIVARS FROM THE REGION TO THE AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF KOSOVO FOR PRODUCTION OF BREAD

Although the Sevres Treaty was a pathetic document of submission, these heavy conditions benefited the national leadership. First of all, it proved to the whole country that the independency of the OttomanState could not be mentioned any more. The Ottomans had officially admitted their difficulties in representing Anatolia and the people. The people felt that this treaty was full of injustices; and the people finally understood the indifferent attitude of the Allied States toward Turkey and that everything that had been told to the people by the Istanbul governments were all lies. Now even intellectuals who had seemed determined not to anger the Allied States had started to see the hope in the Anatolian movement. The angry voices rising throughout the country had given Ankara, who had been waiting for this moment, a great opportunity. Mustafa Kemal had proven to be right once more. Mustafa Kemal had told his friends that France, England, and Italy had suffered great losses in the Great War and would not want to engage in an Anatolian adventure full of uncertainties; these states could not send even one extra soldier to Turkey. The war would be limited with Greece, who could not ignore the one million Rums living in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal was confident that he could thwart the Greek military measures. All these factors proved that the Sevres Treaty had no validity from the beginning. Likewise, the national movement’s struggle, amid many troubles, would confirm this fact; the allied bloc would fall into disagreement and disband, and the occupation forces would have to give up their goals about Turkey

Dural, A. Baran

THE LEADERSHIP OF MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATATURK: TURKISH INDEPENDENCE WAR

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IDENTIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS’ NEEDS IN THE SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION SUBCONTRACTORS IN NIGERIA

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