Ayo, C. K.

English

Covenant University Repository

·COMPUTER LITERACY (OPERATIONS & APPRECIATION) eK~ ,4'7ftJ, (M.Sc) Department of Computet Science & Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso ·. ., i i  .  A l l  r i g h t s  r e s e r v e d .  N o  p a r t  o f  t h i s  p u b l i c a t i o n  m a y  b e  r e p r o d u c e d ,  s t o r e d  i n  a  r e t r i e v a l  s y s t e m ,  o r  t r a n s m i t t e d  i n  a n y  f o r m  b y  a n y  m e a n s  e l e c t r o n i c ,  m e c h a n i c a l ,  p h o t o c o p y i n g ,  r e c o r d i n g  o r  o t h e r w i s e  w i t h o u  t h e  p r i o r  c o n s e n t  o f  t h e  author ~ C ·. K  A y o .  1  F I R S T  P R I N T  1 9 9 4  I S B N  9 7 t . 8 - 3 2 9 1 9 - 0 - 4  ~ · ~ P R i N T E d  i N  N i G E R i A  b y  · A L A N U K I T A N  C O M M E f i C I A I .  P R E S S  { N I G . ) l T D  • .  l  ~ r . o .  B o x  1 8 5  E G B B ,  K O G I  ~m ii ion may be reproduced, any form by any means ng or otherwise withou1 1-4 NIG.)t.TD • . iii TO Engr. & Mrs . T . 0 . Adeniyi ~ i v  P R E F A C E  T h i s  b o o k  i s  d e s i g n e d  f o r  t h o s e  w h o  a r e  c u r i o u s  a b o u t  t h e  p r o l i f e r a -t i o n ,  d o m i n a t i o n  a n d  u s e  o f  C o m p u t e r  s y s t e m s .  T h e  b o o k  t o  a  g r e a t e r  e x t e n t  i s  i n t e n d e d  t o  b e  a  c o m p a n i o n  f o r  s t u d e n t s  o f  w h a t e v e r  c l a s s ,  w o r k e r s  a n d  e v e r y  h o u s e h o l d  i n  p a r t i c u l a r .  T h e  c o n t e n t s  o f  t h e  b o o k  i s  t a i l o r e d  t o  s u i t  t h e  c o u r s e s  t a u g h t  i n  t h e  t e r t i a r y  i n s t i t u t i o n s  s u c h  a s  i n t r o d u c t i o n  t o  c o m p u t e r s ,  c o m p u t e r  a p p l i c a t i o n  p a c k a g e s  a m o n g  o t h e r s ;  a n d  t h e  s y l l a b i  o f  s o m e  p r o f e s s i o n -a l  b o d i e s  l i k e  I n s t i t u t e  o f  C h a r t e r e d  A c c o u n t a n t s  o f  N i g e r . i a  ( I C A N ) ,  a n d  C h a r t e r e d  I n s t i t u t e  o f  B a n k e r s  o f  N i g e r i a  ( C I B N )  e t c  a r e  a l s o  c a t e r e d  f o r .  T h e  b o o k  i s  a  t w o  i n  o n e .  T h a t  i s  i t  s e r v e s  a  t e x t b o o k  o n  o n e  h a n d  a n d  a  t r a i n i n g  m a n u a l  o n  t h e  o t h e r  h a n d .  T h e  c h a p t e r s  a r e  a r r a n g e d  i n  a n  o r d e r  t o  e n h a n c e  c o n t i n u i t y  o f  c o n c e p t s  w h i c h  w i l l  g o  a  v e r y  l o n g  w a y  t o  g i v e  t h e  a d d r e s s e d  a u d i e n c e  a  s o l i d  c o m p u t i n g  f o u n d a t i o n .  M a n y  t o p i c s  o f  i n t e r e s t  s u c h  a s  Comp~uter c o n f i g u r a t i o n ,  P r o g r a m  d e v e l o p m e n t ,  A p p l i c a t i o n  p a c k a g e s  a n d  t h e  C o m p u t e r  v i r u s  a m o n g  o t h e r s  a r e  t r e a t e d  t o  t h e  s a t i s f a c t i o n  o f  t h e  t a r g e t e d  a u d i e n c e .  T h e  b o o k  i s  t h e r e f o r e  r e c o m m e n d e d  f o r  s t u d e n t s  o f  t h e  u n i v e r s i t y ,  a n d  p o l y - t e c h n i c ,  s t u d e n t s  u n d e r g o i n g  c o m p u t e r  t r a i n i n g  c o u r . > c s  o r g a n i z e d  b y  s o m e  v o c a t i o n a l  c e n t r e s  a n d  i n  f a C t ,  e v e r y  h o u s e h o l d .  C .  K .  A y o  J u n e  1 9 9 4  T h e m  m a n y  i n  o p e r a t o  T h e  a u ' t  i n s t i t u t i 1  I N S T J T l l  T h e  a i  c u r r e n t  ( a )  L a '  I  D e p a  ( d )  B E  A g b a  ( e )  C T  V i c t o  L a  g o  u n d e r l i s t  ( a )  D r .  H e a d ,  C  L A  U T E  iv about the prolifera-1e book to a greater ; of whatever class, ourses taught in the mputers, computer of some profession-: Niger.ia (ICAN), and etc are also catered xtbook on one hand oters are arranged in 1 will go a very long mputing foundation . 1figuration, Program llputer virus among ted audience. tts of the university, C. K. Ayo June 1994 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The materials in th is· text is a result of expertise contributions form many individuals of high repute, institutions, and experienced computer operators that helped in no small way to the realizat ion of my goals. The author is therefor~ grateful to the underlisted individuals and institutions for their immeasurable contributions. INSTITUTIONS The author is grateful for the material support in terms of texts, current journals and equipment from the following institutions : (a) Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Depar tment of Computer Science & Engineering, Ogbomoso . (b) FACTS Computer Training Centre, Pl antation road, llorin. (c) KEM Computer Training Centre, Beside Society General Bank, Taiwo Road , llorin. (d) BENANT Computer Solutions , Agb a Ro ad, llorin . (e) CTS (Nig) Ltd, Victorial Island , Lagos. SPECIA LISTS The author is particularly gratefu l for the contributions of the underlisted fellows who took their time to go through the tex~ ~nd again for thei r valuable suggestions . (a) Dr . M . 0 . A digun , Head , Computer Sc . & Eng. Department, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso . ( b )  D r .  A .  0 .  F a k i l e d e ,  D e p t .  o f  M e c h a n i c a l  E n g i n e e r i n g .  U n i v e r s i t y  o f  l l o r i n .  ( c )  M r .  A .  E .  O k e y i n k a ,  D e p t .  o f  C o m p u t e r  S c . &  E n g i n e e r i n g ,  L A U T E C H ,  O g b o m o s o .  ( d )  E A g r .  0 .  0 .  A b i o n a ,  D e p t .  o f  C o m p u t e r  S c .  &  E n g i n e e r i n g ,  L A U T E C H ,  O g b o m o s o .  O t h e r s  v i  T h e  a u t h o r  i s  g r a t e f u l  t o  t h e  f o l l o w i n g  f o r  t h e i r  s u p p o r t s  a n d  e n c o u r a g e m e n t s :  D r .  J .  A d e o j o ,  P r i n c e  F .  A s h a g u n ,  T .  A g b a n a ,  0 .  O n i y i d e ,  I .  0 .  A d e r i n w a l e ,  Z .  0 .  A r o w o y e l e ,  V .  F .  O j e l a b i ,  F .  O g u n b a y o ,  S .  A u d u ,  0 .  O l a n r e w a j u ,  0 .  F a t o y e ,  L .  O l a n i y i ,  0 .  S .  O g i r i m a ,  R .  O y e n i h i ,  F .  O w o l a b i  a n d  A .  O l a y e m i .  F i n a l l y ,  I  a m  g r a t e f u l  t o  m y  w i f e  M o j i ,  f o r  t h e  u n d e r s t a n d i n g  s h o w n  d l l t i . i n g  t h e  p e r i o d ,  a n d  m y  c h i l d r e n  J u w o n  a n d  T a l a  f o r  n o t  i n s i s t i n g  o n  m y  p r e s e n c e  a t  h o m e .  I  w o r k .  h e  h a s  r e a d i n g  vi g, lowing for their supports and T . Agbana, 0 . Oniyide, I. 0. jelabi, F. Ogunbayo , S. Au?u , 0. o. s. Ogirima, R. Oyemhl , F. oji, for the understandin~ ~hown NOn and Tola for not insisting on vii FOREWORD The Computer Technology has come to stay with us with its profound impact on every aspect of our lives. Perhaps this is the reason why Computer literacy is almost becoming the prime requ irement when one is competi ng for any skilled job today. We are fast moving away from the Computer-Centre-based arrangement which confines the Comput-ers to a particular section of an organisation. The reality is that the factory machinery is Computer-based; air-line reservations depend on the Computer ; personnel, financial, and administrative procedures have become computerised; including the command and control functions of the military ar.d the police . The writers and journalists also need the word-processor to prepare their writings personally or at least edit the work after first typing. Therefore this book has come to contribute to the computer literacy needs of the majority of people willing to becom_e relevant to this computer age. The rich information contained in this book will suppleme nt or completely replace short-term Computer trainings which now abou nd provided you use it as your companion during hands-on sessions ®1'1 a computer. The skilled person may even find the contents a goo.d referonce whenever he intends to refresh his or her memory. The wealth of experience of the author as a former polyte-chnic lecturer and now a University teacher has been brought to bear on this work . He has presented very succinctly and clearly the concep-ts that he has had to teach over the past ten years. It is hoped th at - the read ing public will find the book very useful. DR. M. 0. ADIGUN LAUTECH, OGBOMOSO C O N T E N T S  P R E F A C E  A C K N O W L E D M E N T  F O R E W O R D  C H A P T E R  O N E  H I S T O R Y / E V O L U T I O N  O F  C O M P U T E R S  W h a t  i s  a  C o m p u t e r ?  D e v e l o p m e n t  o f  C a l c u l a t i n g  d e v i c e s  M e c h ' 1 n i c a i / E i e c t r o n i c  C o m p u t e r s  L a n d m a r k s  i n  t h e  h i s t o r y  o f  C o m p u t e r s  C H A P T E R  T W O  C L A S S I F I C A T I O N  O F  C O M P U T E R S  C l a s s i f i c a t i o n  b y  t y p e  C l a s s i f i c a t i o n  b y  p u r p o s e  C l a s s i f i c a t i o n  b y  a g e  o f  t e c h n o l o g y  C l a s s i f i c a t i o n  o f  I n t e g r a t e d  C i r c u i t s  ( I C )  C a t e g o r i e s  o f  C o m p u t e r s ·  C H A P T E R  T H R E E  v i i i  M I C R O C O M P U T E R :  E V O L U T I O N  A N D  C O N F I G U R A T I O N  I n t e r a c t i n g  w i t h  t h e  C o m p u t e r  M i c r o p r o c e s s o r  a n d  M i c r o c o m p u t e r  M i c r o c o m p u t e r  c o n f i g u r a t i o n  P e r i p h e r a l  d e v i c e s  i v  v i i  : H A  i o m  viii CHAPTER FOUR ix iv COMPUTER HARDWARE 30 v Fundamentals of the Co111pu tcr sys tem Information tran sfer between un1ts of the com puter vii Typ es of memory Type s of Processor HAPTER FIVE FILE ORGANISATION AND PERIPHERAL DEVICES 42 Types of file organisations and methods File activities Special ised 1nput/Ou tput devices Special ized Computer media equipment HAPTER SIX COMPUTER SOFTWARE 54 Classification of Computer Programs Features of Operating Systems Language translators Advantages /Disadvantages of programming languages Software generations HAPTER SEVEN ~Aqflk 17 MICROCOMPUTERS AND DISK OPERATING SYSTEM(DOS) 63 ~eneral overview of the various DOS iles and directories Some DOS Commands C H A P T E R  E I G H T  C O M P U T E R  A P P L I C A T I O N  P A C K A G E S  A d v a n t a g e s / D i s a d v a n t a g e s  o f  a p p l i c a t i o n  p a c k a g e s  W o r d p r o c e s s i n g  p a c k a g e s  P r a c t i c a l  e x a m p l e  w i t h  w o r d  p e r f e c t  5 . 1  S p r e a d s h e e t  p a c k a g e s  P r a c t i c a l  e x a m p l e  w i t h  L O T U S  1 - 2 - 3  v e r .  3 . 1  D a t a b a s e  M a n a g e m e n t  p a c k a g e s  P r a c t i c a l  e x a m p l e  w i t h  D b a s e  I V  S t a t i s t i c a l  p a c k a g e s  P r a c t i c a l  e x a m p l e  w i t h  S P S S  P C +  v - e r s i o n  5 . 0  G r a p h i c a l  P a c k a g e s  P r a c t i c a l  e x a m p l e  H a r d w a r e  G r a p h i c  3 . 0  D e s k t o p  p u b l i s h i n g  p a c k a g e s  D e s c r i p t i o n  o f  w i n d o w s  3 . 1  a n d  i t s  a p p l i c a t i o n s  ( w r i t e ,  p a i n t b r u s h ,  A l d u s  p a g e  m a k e r ,  C o r e l  d r a w  p u b l i s h e r )  C H A P T E R  N I N E  P R O G R A M  D E V E L O P M E N  P r o g r a m m i n g  s t e p s  S y s t e m  a n d  p r o g r a m  fl~wcharts O v e r v i e w  o f  B A S I C  p r o g r a m m i n g  S a m p l e  B A S I C  p r o g r a m s  O v e r v i e w  o f  C O B O L  p r o g r a m m i n g  C H A P T E R  T E N  D A T A  P R O C E S S I N G  ·  D a t a  a n d  i n f o r m a t i o n  M e t h o d s  o f  d a t a  ,p r o c e s s i n g  D a t a  p r o c e s s i n g  o p e r a t i o n s  l n f o t m a .t i o n  S y s t e m  L i f e  C y c l e  I  . ,  X  i A P T E R  7 !  , p  p e r s c  ) i v i s i o n J  u n c t i o n  A P T E R  J F O R M  e n t r a l i z  e c e n t r a  i s t r i b u t  a r i o u s  ~ l a t c h ,  G  '  a n d  V e n t u f - P T E R  D A T A  1 v e n t i o  X =>ACKAGES packages 3 .1 n 5 .0 HAPTER ELEVEN DATA PROCESSING(DP) PERSONNEL 75 !>P personnel ~ i v i s ions in a DP department =unctions of the personnel tAPTER TWELVE xi 191 FORMATION PROCESSING ORGANISATION AND TECHNIQUES :entralized system •ecentralized system »istributed system (arious processing techniques ~atch I Online, Time-sharing etc) 197 cations , Corel draw and VenturiAPTER THIRTEEN DATA COMMUNICATION DEVICES & COMPUTER NETWORK204 1ommunication devices and carriers 14 omputer netw ork topologies peal Area Network (LAN) Vide A rea Network (WAN) APTER FOURTEEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS SECURITY AND THE VIRUS SAGA 211 bmputer systems security methods mputer systems control methods 1 e virus saga st of some viruses evention and cure of vi ruses y  C H A P T E R  F I F T E E N  I M P A C T  O F  C O M P U T E R S  O N  O U R  S O C I E T Y  T h e  n e e d  f o r  C o m p u t e r  C o m p u t e r  a n d  u n e m p l o y m e n t  H o w  c o m p u t e r  c r e a t e s  j o b s  G L O S S A R Y  I N D E X  R E F E R E N C E S  x i i  ard- INDEX by Abacus 2 Data Processing cycle 186 tion ABC 6 Data Entry Clerk 195 Algorithm 144 Database packages 100 , ALU 34 Dbase IV 102 hat ( Analog Computer 11 Decentralized System 198 hie Analytical engine 4 Decision Support system 190 Artificial intelligence 14 Desktop Publishing Packages ASCC 6 134 Assembler 58 Difference engine 4 Assembly language 57 Digital Computer 11 rice Basic Programming 149 Dir 70 Batch Processing 200 Directories 65 Bits 31 Disk drives 25 Boot Sector Virus 216 Diskcomp 71 Bootstrap 36 Diskcopy 71 Bus Topology 208 Distributed System 199 Cache memory 35 DMA 33 CD-ROM ____:__---- 50 DOS 64 Centralized System 198 DP Manager 193 CHOIR 72 Dump Terminal 46 CHKDSK 72 EDP 185 Cis 70 ED SAC 7 Cobol programming 182 EDVAC 7 COLO SUS 6 EN lAC 6 Compiler 58 EPROM 36 Computer 2 Erase 72 Computer Network 206 Expanded memory 37 Conventional memory 37 Expert System 1.4 Copy 71 Extended memory 37: Core Memory 35 File Virus 216 Corel draw 139 Format 70 CP/M 64 Front-end Processor 206 CPU 31 Full-duplex_ Transmissi9n 706 CUI 18 General purpose Computer 12 Data Processing System 190 Generation Fite Seci.Kity 214 Data Processing department Generation Qf Computer 13 192 · ·Graphical Pat;kages- 124 Datct 185 GUl 18 253 H a l f - d u p l e x  T r a n s m i s s i o n  2 0 6  M o d e m  2 0 5  H a r v a r d  g r a p h i c s  1 2 4  M o r e  7 3  H i g h  L e v e l  l a n g u a g e  5 7  M o u s e  2 8  H y b r i d  C o m p u t e r  1 1  M S - D o s  6 4  1/ 0  B u s  3 2  M u l t i - p l e x e r  2 0 5  I B M  5  M u l t i - p r o c e s s i n g  I  2 0 3  I C L  7  M u l t i - p r o g r a m m i n g  2 0 2  I C O N S  1 9  M u l t i - t a s k i n g ·  2 0 3  I n d e x  S e q u e n t i a l  f i l e  4 4  N O R T O N S  2 1 5  I n f o r m a t i o n  1 8 5  N o t e b o o k  C o m p u t e r  1 9  I n f o r m a t i o n  S y s t e m  l i f e  c y c l e  O C R  5 3  1 8 9  O n - l i n e  P r o c e s s i n g )  I  2 0 1  .  I n t e g r a t e d  C i r c u i t  1 3  O p e r a t i n g  S y s t e m  5 5  I n t e l l i g e n t  t e r m i n a l  4 6  O p e r a t i o n s  M a n a g e r  1 9 5  I n t e r p r e t e r  5 6  O S / 2  6 4  I n v e r t e d  f i l e  4 5  P a g e  M a k e r  1 3 9  K e y b o a r d  2 2  P a p e r  t a p e  4 6  K e y D i s k  .  5 0  P C - D o s  6 4  heyq~pe 5 0  mC~ T O O L S  .  2 1 5  L A N  2 0 9  P e n  C o m p u t e r  2 0  iangua9~ T r a n s l a t o r s  5 6  P e r i p h e r a l s  3 1  L a p t o p  ;C o m p u t e r  1 9  P e r s o n a l  C o m p u t e r  1 9  L i b r a r i a n  1 9 6  P h y s i c a l  C o n t r o l  2 1 3  L o t u s  1 - 2 - 3  8 6  P o r t a b l e  C o m p u t e r  1 9  L o w  l e v e l  l a n g u a g e  5 7  P r i n t e r s  2 8  M a c h i n e  l a n g u a g e  5 7  P r o c e d u r a l  C o n t r o l  I  2 1 3  M a g n e t i c  T a p e  4 8  P r o g r a m  F l o w c h a r t  1 4 5  M a g n e t i c  D i s k  4 9  P r o g r a m  5 5  M a i n f r a m e  C o m p u t e r  1 6  P r o g r a m m e r  '  u " : j  1 9 5  M A R  r 1 =  3 6  P R O M  ~ l _ , l '  ~ 3 6  M a r k - 1  ~Dt~F •  . . . _ v - . . .  • 1  6  P u n c h e d  c a r d s  t r  ~yy 5  M D R  .  L  I  3 6  P b n c h e d  C a r d s  4 7  M E M  7 3  R A M  3 6  M e m o r y  U n i t  3 4  R a n d o m  f i l e  4 4  M e n u  •  c ,  I  1 8  R e a l - t i m e  P r o c e s s i n g  2 0 1  M I C R  ~ 5 2  R e c o v e r y  P l a n  2 1 4  M i c r o c o m p u t e r  1 5  R e n a m e  7 4  M i c r o f i c h e  ~ r . :  ~- I  5 2  R i n g  T o p o l o g y  . . .  , . ( . . - ,  2 0 7  M i c r o f i l m -I ' " ' " >  Kc~ . . . . .  5 1  ·R o b o t  " 1 - . ,  )  J . '  2 2 3  M i c r o p r o c e s s o r  ·D~ ~--~f i l '  1 9  R O M  .  3 6  M i n i c o m p u t e r  1 5  R o o t  D i r e c t o r y  - 6 5  2 5 4  '•. ' ' .. . ,. ' • . , ~ . SemicOr_iductor memory 35 .. Sequential file 43 3 -~ serial file a· l 43 S_implex :Transmission 206 ~ . ' . ·,smart Terminal 46 5 -~ Software generations 59 3 t · · 'Special-purpose computer 12 . 2 .. I~preadsaeet Packages 85 3 5 ... . SPSS 114 9 ·~tar Topology 207 prt~isKtical Packages 114 3 ,. 't . Super c·~mputer 16 1 4 · • py~tem lJnit 22 5 . · ' · py~temC Security 212 5 .. -pyst~ms Flowchart 146 4 ~ .. , ...  t Systems Analyst 194 9 6 e. Teleprocessing 201 4 Time-sharing System 202 5 .... Trojan eors~ Virus 216 , . .0 Type 74 ,1 .UNIVAC 7 9 ' \Upper memory 37 3 ~ Utility m~ograms 60 9 , . VOU (Monitor) 24 8 • J • _1 y~ntura Publishers 141 3 ~ ~iflual Memory 35 5 . WAN · 210 5 Win/NT 64 5 Windows 135 16 Word/w6rd length 32 5 ' ' Word processing Packages 77 -7 - , Wc;»rdperfect 79 ra ;. Xcopy 74 ~4 uenix/r~x 6"4 )1 14 .. 74 )7 23 36 t 65 255 H a l f - d t  H a r v a r  H i g h  L ,  H y b r i d  1 / 0  B u s  I B M  I C L  I C O N S  I n d e x  S  I n f o r m  a  I n f o r m  a  .  l n t e g r a t ,  l n t e l l i g e J  l n t e r p r e 1  I n v e r t e d  K e y b o a r ,  K e y D i s k  heyq~pe L A N  L a n g u a 9 ·E  i~ptop C  L i b r a r i a n  L o t u s  1 - :  L o w  l e v e l  M a c h i n e  I  M a g n e t i c  M a g n e t i c  M a i n f r a m t  M A R  M a r k - 1  M D R  M E M  M e m o r y  U  M e n u  M I C A  M i c r o c o m , : :  M i c r o f i c h e  M i c r o f i l m  M i c r o p r o c e  M i n i c o m p u ·  1 .  2 .  3 .  4 .  5 .  ' 6 .  7 .  8 .  9 .  1 0 .  R E F E R E N C E S  A  y o  K . C .  ( 1 9 9 1  ) ,  G e t t i n g  t o  k n o w  t h e  c o m p u t e r .  2 n d  E d i t i o n ,  N e w l i g h t  C o m p u t e r s ,  K a d u n a .  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Computer Literacy: Operations and Appreciation

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Computer Literacy: Operations and Appreciation

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