この博士論文は内容の要約のみの公開（または一部非公開）になっています筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

KIM Yeonkyung

金 延景

Tsukuba Repository

A Geographical Study on Relationship between
Ethnic Business and Host Society : A Case
Study of Korean Businesses in Okubo District,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
著者 KIM Yeonkyung
内容記述 この博士論文は内容の要約のみの公開（または一部
非公開）になっています
year 2018
その他のタイトル エスニックビジネスとホスト社会の関係性に関する
地理学的研究 : 東京都新宿区大久保地区の韓国系
ビジネスを事例に
学位授与大学 筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)
学位授与年度 2018
報告番号 12102甲第8818号
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00153840
  
 
A Geographical Study on Relationship between Ethnic Business and Host Society: 
 A Case Study of Korean Businesses in Okubo District, Shinjuku, Tokyo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
July 2018 
 
 
 
Yeonkyung KIM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
A Geographical Study on Relationship between Ethnic Business and Host Society: 
 A Case Study of Korean Businesses in Okubo District, Shinjuku, Tokyo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A Dissertation Submitted to 
 the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 
the University of Tsukuba 
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements 
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science 
(Doctoral Program in Geoenvironmental Sciences) 
 
 
 
Yeonkyung KIM 
 
 
 
 i 
Abstract 
 
This study attempted to clarify the changing relationship between ethnic businesses and 
the host society in an ethnic enclave to examine the role of ethnic businesses in promoting 
multicultural coexistence and the process of social capital formation in the case of Korean 
businesses in the Okubo district, Shinjuku, Tokyo. The results are summarized as follows. 
With the increasing population of Korean newcomers since the 1990s, the growth of 
Korean businesses that spatially expanded the main shopping street aroused anxiety and 
tension among the host community, exacerbated by the cultural distance between Japanese 
residents and Korean newcomers and the crisis of survival caused by a worsening financial 
condition after the collapse of bubble economy. In the years after the first Korean Wave in 
2004, Japanese property owners closed up their private stores and began to rent out spaces to 
Korean tenants in response to the high rental demand for commercial leases; thus, the host 
members—particularly those in the main shopping street—began seeking to establish an 
amicable coexistence with foreign residents. Although in 2005, a social network began to 
develop among the Korean and host communities as a part of Shinjuku’s project for 
promoting multicultural coexistence, the inner conflicts rose to the surface in 2009 because of 
the lack of consensus between the host members, whose priority was the resolution of 
contentious daily issues, and the Korean members, whose priority was hosting cultural 
exchange events that could lead to prosperity for the Okubo Koreatown. After heated clashes, 
the Korean entrepreneurs who realized the importance of building an amicable relationship 
with host communities started to join the host organizations related to the main shopping 
street and to arrange local activities operated by a reorganized Korean community to resolve 
the ethnic conflicts. With the beginning of a strong relationship based on compromise, 
cooperation, and mutual respect and goals, members of both communities were able to 
address together the new problems caused by the rapid growth of the visitor economy after 
the second Korean Wave in 2010. Continuously, even though the downturn of Korean 
businesses caused changes in the ethnic composition within the main shopping street due to 
the bilateral relationship having worsened since 2012 because of territorial conflicts between 
 ii 
the two countries, they also shared the view that a strong multi-ethnic relationship with the 
emerging ethnic communities should be developed. Indeed, a Korean business organization 
established as a breakthrough for revitalizing the Okubo Koreatown turned its own local 
event into an multicultural event, drawing other ethnic communities into participation to 
promote the Okubo district as a multi-ethnic town, not only reflecting the current ethnic 
composition but also attempting to easing tensions and avoiding attacks by the host society 
since the Okubo district had become well known as a Koreatown and noticeable enough to be 
a target for hate speech. 
This research pointed out that intergroup relations that are built through ethnic 
organizations might be even more important than ethnic entrepreneurs’ individual relations 
and interactions with the host society in ensuring the sustainability and equality of that 
relationship. Also, it clarified that a common consciousness was likely to be confirmed within 
the economic sector of the host society whose members profit from ethnic businesses in the 
form of rental income and a rise in property values due to tenant demand for commercial 
properties. Local-based economic and social activity of ethnic businesses plays an important 
role in influencing a host society to change its multicultural ideology. Especially important 
were those ethnic entrepreneurs who made efforts to build an amicable relationship with the 
local host society; who mobilized abundant human resources and developed diversified 
management from the early stages of their businesses in both ethnic and non-ethnic markets; 
and whose economic activities were embedded in the Okubo district in that they intensively 
located branch stores there and acquired real estate within the district. Also important were 
the ethnic entrepreneurs who played a role as bridges between ethnic and host communities 
by taking responsibility for and representing their own ethnic groups and who had a strong 
will to settle in Japan supported by their stable socioeconomic status due to their economic 
assimilation. To conclude, it might be said that the difference in the degree of local 
embeddedness of an ethnic business affected the relationship between the ethnic businesses 
and the local host society. 
 
 
 iii 
Contents 
 
Abstract ··································································································ⅰ 
Contents ··································································································ⅲ 
List of tables ·····························································································ⅵ 
List of figures ···························································································ⅶ 
List of photos ····························································································ⅸ 
 
 
Chapter Ⅰ: Introduction 
  1. Research Background··············································································1 
 2. Prior Research and Statement of the Problem···················································1 
1) Research into How Ethnic Groups and Host Societies Relate····························1 
2) Research into Ethnic Strategies within Ethnic Businesses································5 
 3. Study Object and Research Method······························································7 
 
Chapter Ⅱ: Trends of Korean Residents in Japan  
  1. Changes in Korean Population···································································9 
1) Compositional Changes in the Korean Population·······································9 
2) Changes in Spatial Distribution·····························································13 
  2. Changes in Korean Businesses··································································18 
1) Changes in the Korean Working Population··············································18 
2) Industrial and Locational Transition in Tokyo············································20 
  3. Study Area··························································································25 
1) Characteristics of the Ethnic Enclave·······················································25 
2) Recent Trends of Korean Residents in Shinjuku··········································30 
 
Chapter Ⅲ: Korean Business Development in the Okubo District: Going beyond the 
Ethnic Enclave 
  1. The Development of Korean Businesses·······················································39 
1) The Formative Period (1980s-2001) ·······················································39 
2) The Developing Period (2002-2012) ·······················································42 
3) The Stagnant Period (2013-)·································································43 
  2. Business Activities of Korean Entrepreneurs··················································43 
1) Attributes of Korean Entrepreneurs·························································43 
 iv 
2) Types of Management and Ethnic Strategies··············································48 
⑴ One-store Management······························································48 
 Multistore Management······························································50 
 Diversified Management·····························································51 
  3. Local Activities of Korean Business Association·············································55 
1) The Shinjuku Korean Developing Committee (KDC) ··································57 
2) The Shinjuku Korean Merchants Association (KMA) ··································57 
 
Chapter Ⅳ: Changes in the Host Society Surrounding Korean Businesses in Okubo 
District 
  1.Korean Businesses for Japanese Visitors·······················································65 
1) Attributes of Japanese Visitors······························································65 
2) Patterns of Using Korean Business·························································70 
  2. Local Attitude toward Korean businesses: The Shin-Okubo Shopping Street Promotion 
Association·······························································································74 
1) Trends in Ethnic Composition·······························································77 
2) Coexistence with Korean Businesses: Actual Situation and Unsolved Problems····80 
  3. Multicultural Community Development by Local Administration·························82 
1) Foreign-related Projects in Shinjuku City···········································82 
2) Multicultural Coexistence Projects·························································86 
⑴ Shinjuku Multicultural Plaza(SMP) ············································86 
 Meeting for Multicultural Community Development(MCD) ···············89 
 
Chapter Ⅴ: Relationship between Ethnic Businesses and the Host Society within an 
Ethnic Enclave 
 1．Changes in Relationship between Korean Businesses and the Host Society: Measuring 
Social Capital Accumulation···········································································94 
1) Stage Ⅰ: Contact (1990s-2003) ······························································94 
2) Stage Ⅱ: Competition (2004-2009) ························································94 
3) Stage Ⅲ: Accommodation (2010-)·························································97 
 ２．The Role of Korean Entrepreneurs in Coexistence with the Local Host Society········99 
1) Structural Assimilation and Acculturation·················································99 
2) Economic Assimilation·····································································100 
 
 v 
Chapter Ⅵ: Conclusion·············································································103 
 
 
Acknowledgement·····················································································105 
Notes·····································································································106 
References·······························································································109


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