Martins, Joilson O.

Moustaïd-Moussa, Naïma

Rios, Francisco J.

Mediators of Inflammation

English

Enlighten: Publications

Interplay between hormones, the immune system, and metabolic disorders

Enlighten

EditorialInterplay between Hormones, the Immune System, andMetabolic DisordersFrancisco J. Rios,1 Naïma Moustaïd-Moussa ,2 and Joilson O. Martins 31Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, UK2Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Cluster at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA3Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilCorrespondence should be addressed to Joilson O. Martins; martinsj@usp.brReceived 5 August 2018; Accepted 5 August 2018; Published 30 September 2018Copyright © 2018 Francisco J. Rios et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.This special issue of Mediators of Inﬂammation focuses ondiverse research areas related to the interplay betweenhormones, immune response, and metabolic disorders.Hormones are metabolic components produced bydiﬀerent cell types, capable of regulating body homeostasisand the cross talk among the endocrine, cardiovascular, andimmune systems. In patients with compromised immuneresponse, inﬂammation may last longer or may be ineﬀective,leading to recurrent infections or other types of systemicdysfunctions associated with chronic inﬂammation. In thepast few years, it became evident that hormones, neurotrans-mitters, and dietary factors are speciﬁc modulators of cellsfrom the immune system by ﬁne-tuning their activationand key functions. Of note, cells from the immune systempresent high expression of receptors for diﬀerent hormonespresent in the blood circulation, such as aldosterone andglucocorticoids. This in turn might also aﬀect the vascularfunction leading to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, themain scope of this edition is to contribute to knowledge inthis growing and innovative area, through reviews andoriginal articles that will help to understand the diversemechanisms by which hormones and/or diet can inﬂuenceinﬂammatory response and immune activation.This special issue covers the most current research aimedat elucidating how metabolites and dietary components suchas vitamins, bioactive compounds, or lipid mediators inﬂu-ence inﬂammatory processes. Articles published in hereexplore the cell and molecular mechanisms underpinningthe endocrine/paracrine networks of regulatory immunemediators, their targets on immune cell signaling, andhow they contribute to metabolic dysregulations in obe-sity. The current issue also highlights the importancewhereby hormones contribute to cellular homeostasisand immune system regulation, and that an imbalancein this well-regulated system can lead to cardiovascularand/or metabolic disorders.In this edition of Mediators of Inﬂammation, N. V.Fedorova et al. studied the eﬀects of insulin, glucagon, and17β-estradiol (E2) on the activation of human neutrophils.They reported that hormones inﬂuence the activation ofneutrophils and induce their adherence to blood vessels indiabetes and metabolic disorders. Extracellular matrix pro-teins play a crucial role in this process. Moreover, glucagoncan contribute to the development of metabolic vasculardisorders by initiating the secretion of cathepsin G, animportant enzyme present in neutrophils with bactericideactivity. In addition, cathepsin Gmay promote inﬂammatoryresponse and stimulate further neutrophil adhesion via pro-teolysis of cell surface receptors. On the other hand, insulinand E2 can alter the adhesion of neutrophils initiating thesecretion of metalloproteinases, which modify extracellularmatrix proteins.In newborns, the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is activated after exposure to painful and stress-ful situations as a result of increased glucocorticoid secretionby the adrenal gland cortex. A high concentration of cortisolmight also result in an increased risk factor for insulinresistance, hyperlipidaemia, immunologic deﬁciencies, andHindawiMediators of InﬂammationVolume 2018, Article ID 8654212, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8654212destructive changes in the hippocampus. G. De Bernardoet al. presented a pilot but interesting study showing that afull-time rooming-in (for 24 hrs.) is better than a partialrooming-in (for 14 hrs.) in reducing neonatal stress responsein hospitalized newborns. This was supported by their datashowing that lower salivary cortisol levels (SCLs) may havelong-term positive eﬀects in reducing the risk of metabolicsyndrome, high blood pressure, and cognitive and behav-ioural changes. In addition, in an experimental study, A. M.Balbino et al. evaluated long leptin receptor isoform (ObRb)expression in lung endothelial cells from low birth weight(LBW) rats and examined the production of lipid media-tors and cytokines. They found that lung endothelial cellsisolated from intrauterine undernourished rats with a LBWexhibit suppressed IL-1β and IL-6 production after applyinginﬂammatory stimuli. They further demonstrate that theseeﬀects may be linked to a lack of ObRb receptor expres-sion and mediated in part by the NF-κB and p38 MAPKsignaling pathways.Wound healing involves a series of tightly controlledbiochemical and cellular events, divided in 3 concomitantand overlapping phases: inﬂammation, proliferation, andremodeling. Poor wound healing or chronic wounds arecharacterized by a full thickness in depth and a slow healingtendency. Examples of these include diabetic foot ulcers,venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers, and all represent asilent epidemic that aﬀects a large fraction of the worldpopulation and represent a major public health problem.J. R. Silva et al. reported that omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acidscan improve the wound healing process by modulatingcellular responses, through increased endothelial andinﬂammatory cell migration and function as well as enhancedangiogenesis at the wound site, therefore accelerating thewound healing process.Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a serum pro-tein released mainly by the liver, and a low serum level corre-lates with a higher risk for metabolic syndrome includingdiabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular events. H. Yamazakiet al. report that SHBG exhibits anti-inﬂammatory eﬀectsinvolving macrophages and adipocytes, as evidenced bysuppressed mRNA levels for inﬂammatory cytokines suchas IL-6, TNFα, and MCP-1, all known to be highly expressedin adipocytes, with major eﬀects on the chronic low gradeinﬂammation. Additionally, in a review article M. Mendes-Braz and J. O. Martins discuss recent publications addressingthe eﬀects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on oxidative stressresponse and inﬂammatory processes, which play anessential role in ischaemia-reperfusion injury and impairedhepatic regeneration after liver surgery. Authors highlightthe need to expand the knowledge in this area, to beneﬁtpatients with DM who undergo surgical procedures that areincreasing in clinical practice.T. Zhu et al. showed that in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-)induced pulmonary inﬂammation, there is a reduction inthe surfactant protein-A (SP-A) expression, both in vivoand in vitro. Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is synthesized bytype II alveolar epithelial (ATII) cells and plays a crucial rolein the maintenance of pulmonary compliance and ﬂuidbalance in the lungs, in preventing the lung from collapsingat the end of expiration, and in regulating the size of alveoliand pulmonary immune defenses. They also reported thatthe SP-A-enhancing property of liraglutide was most likelymediated via the thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1)signaling pathway.Leishmania is an obligatory intracellular protozoanthat is transmitted vectorially and causes a disease thataﬀects two million people globally each year. This infec-tion results in lesions on the skin, mucosa, or viscera,depending on the specie of the parasite as well as the hostresponse. L. C. Reis et al. reported new insights into theimmunology of leishmaniasis by showing that IGF-I isan eﬀector element in cellular responses mediated by IL-4,leading to M2 macrophage polarization. Mechanisms under-lying these eﬀects are dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathwayduring L. major infection. In addition, they speculated thatindividuals in endemic areas might be more susceptible orresistant depending on the expression of basal IGF-I.Histamine is a biogenic vasoactive amine, which mayimpact the immune system activation, by acting as a regula-tory component to establish homeostasis after injury orpreventing the inﬂammatory process. Histamine is the mainmediator responsible for the clinical symptoms in type 1hypersensitivity reactions and has pleiotropic eﬀects thatare dependent on the interaction with histamine receptors.A. C. C. C. Branco et al. discuss recent ﬁndings abouthistamine eﬀects on inﬂammation through the activation ofintracellular pathways to enhance the production of inﬂam-matory mediators and cytokines in diﬀerent immune cells.In addition, a review article written by L. M. Oliveira et al.discusses the eﬀects of vitamin A on the innate and adaptiveimmunity with special emphasis on the inﬂammatory status,which is becoming a public health concern. Currently,more than 2 billion people are aﬀected by micronutrientdeﬁciency worldwide and vitamin A supplementation ishighly eﬀective in reducing mortality from diﬀerent causes,such as intestinal diseases, neurodegenerative processes, skinaging, and cancer.In summary, we hope that the original research andthe review articles featured in this special issue willenhance the knowledge about the importance of diﬀerentendocrine systems in inﬂammatory processes, and helpshed light on potential avenues for the development ofnovel therapies for increasingly prevalent inﬂammatoryand metabolic diseases.Conflicts of InterestThe authors have no conﬂict of interest regarding thepublication of this editorial.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank all the authors and reviewers for theirvaluable contributions to this special issue.Francisco J. RiosNaïma Moustaïd-MoussaJoilson O. Martins2 Mediators of InﬂammationStem Cells InternationalHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018MEDIATORSINFLAMMATIONofEndocrinologyInternational Journal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Disease MarkersHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018BioMed Research InternationalOncologyJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2013Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018PPAR ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2013www.hindawi.comThe Scientific World Journal8Immunology ResearchHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Journal ofObesityJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Behavioural NeurologyOphthalmologyJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Diabetes ResearchJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Research and TreatmentAIDSHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Gastroenterology Research and PracticeHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Parkinson’s DiseaseEvidence-Based Complementary andAlternative MedicineVolume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.comSubmit your manuscripts atwww.hindawi.com

Interplay between hormones, the immune system, and metabolic disorders

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Enlighten: Publications

Enlighten

Directory of Open Access Journals