R., Rosida Noor

English

Sebelas Maret Institutional Repository

 OIL PIPELINE INTEREST BEHIND U.S. INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN AS PROJECTED IN 105TH CONGRESS HOUSE HEARING ENTITLED “U.S. INTERESTS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS” HELD ON FEBRUARY 12, 1998             THESIS  Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement  for the Sarjana Sastra Degree of the English Department Faculty of Letters & Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University     by  Rosida Noor R. C 0301054     ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS & FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2007  ii OIL PIPELINE INTEREST BEHIND U.S. INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN AS PROJECTED IN 105TH CONGRESS HOUSE HEARING ENTITLED  “U.S. INTERESTS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS” HELD ON FEBRUARY 12, 1998       by   Rosida Noor R. C 0301054      Approved to be Examined before the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters & Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University                          Thesis Consultant                     Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo, M.A. NIP. 130 786 656                       The Head of English Department                     Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed. NIP. 131 569 264  iii OIL PIPELINE INTEREST BEHIND U.S. INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN AS PROJECTED IN 105TH CONGRESS HOUSE HEARING ENTITLED “U.S. INTERESTS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS” HELD ON FEBRUARY 12, 1998    by Rosida Noor R.    Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters & Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University On January, 2007          Drs. Bathoro Moh. Sarjana, M.A. Chairman    (…………………………..) NIP. 130 529 731    M. Taufiq Al Makmun, S.S. Secretary     (…………………………..) NIP. 132 309 445    Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo, M.A. Examiner I     (…………………………..) NIP. 130 786 656    Dra. Zita Rarastesa, M.A. Examiner II     (…………………………..) NIP. 132 206 593        Dean of Faculty of Letters & Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University     Dr. Maryono Dwiraharjo, S.U. NIP. 130 675 167  iv STATEMENT    Name :  Rosida Noor R. NIM :  C 0301054  Stated whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled Oil Pipeline Interest behind U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan as Projected in 105th Congress House Hearing Entitled “U.S. Interests in the Central Asian Republics” Held on February 12, 1998 is originally made by the researcher. It is neither plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s works are written in quotation and included within bibliography. If this statement is later proven false, the researcher willingly takes any responsibility from English Department, Faculty of Letters & Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University.     Surakarta, January 2007  The researcher    Rosida Noor R.              v MOTTO       Indeed, hardship is followed by ease! (Al-‘Inshirah: 6)   Believers, be dutiful to Allah and bearers of just witness        .  Do not allow your hatred for other people  to turn you away from justice   .  Deal justly; it is nearer to piety. Have fear of Allah; Allah is Aware of what you do   . (Al-Ma’ida: 8)   Allah is the Lighter of the heavens and the earth  .  The example of His Light is like a tube, in which there is a wick   .  The wick is in a lamp and the lamp is as a glittering planet kindled from a Blessed Tree, an olive that is neither  of the East nor of the West   .  Its oil would almost shine forth though no fire touched it    .  Light upon light; Allah guides to His Light whom He will  .  Allah strikes parables for people  .  Allah has knowledge of all things     . (An-Noor: 35)   vi DEDICATION          With all my love, my heart, and my soul,  I dedicate the thesis to my beloved family: 1. Mom and dad for praying, motivating, and morally and materially supporting me  2. Mas Budi, Mbak Selly, Mbak Lilis, Mbak Neny, Oki, Firman, and Dek Nana for pumping my spirit 3. My second daddy Oom Amak and family (Tante Dewi, Dek Innave, Alby, and Aza) for coloring my life 4. Every single love lighting my life up.     vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  Alhamdulillahi rabbil ‘alamin, praise to Allah, the owner of every beat of my heart who gives me strength to finish the thesis. However, I realize there are many people helping and supporting me during the process of writing the thesis. Therefore, I would like to give my gratitude to: 1. Dr. Maryono Dwiraharja, S.U. as the Dean of Faculty of Letters & Fine Arts for approving the thesis. 2. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed. as the Head of English Department for giving me permission to write the thesis. 3. Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo, M.A. as my Thesis Consultant. Thank you very much for sparing your time and patiently giving me guidance so that I could finally finish the thesis. I do owe you for the very precious ‘additional knowledge’ I have never learned before.  4. Drs. Budi Waskita, M.Pd. as my Academic Consultant for giving me attention and support as long as I study here. 5. The Lecturers of Faculty of Letters & Fine Arts generally and those of English Department particularly for sharing me your knowledge.  6. My beloved old friends: Rizka for always caring and supporting me (and missing me of course). I believe Allah has prepared the best place for you to settle; Bianca for always standing by and trusting in me; Kusuma in Batu Sangkar who is gone but not forgotten. I miss your artistic letters girl; ‘fussy’ Yuli for cheering my days up. You are my perfect sparing partner; Eva who remembers me anytime you want to hang out; TW, thank you for always  viii missing and listening to me; and Yayak and Esty, long time no see I really miss you. 7. My lovely best friends: Hana, I know that sometimes anger is the way you express how much you love me (hehe….). I love the way you frankly criticize me; Isna for always listening to my grips and giving me a lot of advices; R-lina ‘the pretty egg’ who patiently gives me good idea; Lusy for pumping my spirit and calming my worries down; Alfi, where are you girl? There are so many people out there waiting and missing you. Keep accompanying me on midnite chat!; Deasy and ‘Rara’ Aisyah, thank you very much for all of your supports and naughty jokes.    8. My ‘undercover’ friends: Ummu Khanza, Ummu Zaky, Tyas, Puji, Mbak Fitri, Mbak Ratih, Mbak Dwik, and Mbak Heny. I get a new spiritual enlightenment anytime I see you. Your piety and sincerity are touching me very much and motivating me to be a better one. How lucky I am for being a part of you all.    9. My sisters Chandra, Bella, Reny, Ike, Sari, Amal, Wuri, Lela, Tika, and Ratih (How life is going there?). You all have urged my spirit to broaden my knowledge. Thank you for always reminding me “Kapan lulus, Mbak?”   10. Generation of 2001: Apin, Ami, Esthiwi, my diligent neighbor Ocik (thanks a lot for everything), Ais (Chayo! Don’t get depressed!), Rini, Ndari, Diah (Where have you been? I never see you again in Favorit), Nia, Elida, Rani, Erika, Septi, Yustina, Retno, Ryan (I’m glad you like the CDs), Nurul, Latifa, Yanti, Jana, Vita, Sani, Asih, Hilda, Naning, Gracia, Nurma, Ayes, Dila, Sari, Stiya, Wahyu, Ira, Rita, Ratri, Novi, Titik, Yanuar, Gressiadi, Roko, Widi (Thank you for all your helps: the references, the books, anything), Lutfi (No  ixqueen, no racin’, no rider stuffs!), Uli, Luqman, Setya (Thank you for adopting my cats), Munir, Narno, Rizki, Bowo, Niko, Budi, Gigih.   11. All my SKI friends: Lestari, Didi, Fauzun, Mbak Murni, Mbak Ndari, Mbak Fitri (sorry I haven’t yet turned your book back), Fitri, Nurul, Vita, Umi, Ida, my ex-Sekre: Mbak Eli, Akh Doni, Akh Sapto, Akh Agus, Akh Wahyu, and every one I cannot mention here one by one. Thank you very much for giving me a lot of precious experiences and perfect moments.  12. Unun, Dika, Mbak Is, Adhy (Thanks a lot for adopting my beloved Mimi), Guntur and Wiyan.   13. My big family pakdhe and budhe for being tireless to advise me, brother Dani and sister Iin in the U.S. for finding me the book, Mbak Yuli for lending me the books, brother Dondit and family for accommodating me, and brother Hendy for supporting me. 14. The late looker little tiger, gorgeous Koko, cutie lively Bobo, and fatty sexy Simbok. I really miss you all. I wish I could give you a better graveyard. May you all rest in peace. 15.  My very adored lover Bonkie ‘Ahn Jae Bonk,’ little handsome Coco, skinny charming Kiko, and pretty naughty Mimi (I’m so sorry for giving you to a new owner, dear. I hope your new owner would teach you the way to practice family planning) as well as my thrown away Mboklik, Minie, and 5 little kitties. You are all my inspirations, babes.  The researcher   xTABLE OF CONTENTS  TITLE...............................................................................................................  i APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANT..........................................................  ii APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ........................................  iii STATEMENT..................................................................................................  iv MOTTOS ........................................................................................................  v DEDICATION.................................................................................................   vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...............................................................................  vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................  x LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................  xiii LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................  xiv ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................  xv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................  1 A. Background of the Study..................................................  1 B. Research Question............................................................  5 C. Scope of the Study............................................................  5 D. Objective of the Study......................................................  5 E. Benefit of the Study..........................................................  6 F. Research Methodology.....................................................  6 a. Type of study ................................................................  6 b. The data.........................................................................  7 c. Technique of collecting data.........................................  7 d. Technique of processing data .......................................  8  xiG. Theoretical Approach.......................................................  8 1. Theories ........................................................................  8 a. Marxist capitalist development theory......................  8 b. Machiavelli’s political power theory ........................  10 c. Antonio Gramsci’s hegemony theory .......................  11 2. Approaches ...................................................................  12 a. Historical approach ...................................................  12 b. Socio-political approach ...........................................  13 H. Thesis Organization..........................................................  13 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................  16 A. Capitalism.........................................................................  16 B. Congress of the United States...........................................  22 a. Powers of Congress ......................................................  22 1. Law making...............................................................  24 2. Oversight ...................................................................  24 3. Impeachment .............................................................  25 b. Legislative process........................................................  26 1. Proposing new laws ..................................................  26 2. Working in committee ..............................................  27 3. Final actions on bills .................................................  29 C. Afghanistan, a Land of Battle...........................................  32 a. Long troubled history....................................................  33 b. Afghan-Soviet war ........................................................  35 D. The Taliban: The Governing Regime in Afghanistan ......  37  xiiE. Unocal Giant Corporation.................................................  41 CHAPTER III.ANALYSIS ...........................................................................  45 A. The U.S. Search for Lucrative Oil Pipeline:  Achievement of World Domination .................................  46 a. The Lucrative Caspian region.......................................  57  b. Unocal pipeline route: Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline .....  70 B. A War for Pipeline............................................................  77 a. 9/11 attack: The U.S. malicious scheme.......................  77 b. War on Terrorism: An excuse to invade the Lucrative  Afghanistan ...................................................................  98 C. Creation of the New Puppet Afghan Government............  120 CHAPTER IV.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................  138 A. Conclusion ........................................................................  138 B. Recommendation .............................................................  142 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................  xvi APPENDICES ................................................................................................  xxiii A. 105th Congress House Hearing Entitled U.S. Interests in the Central Asian  Republics ....................................................................................................  xxiv B. A Timeline of Oil and Violence: Afghanistan ...........................................  lviii        xiii LIST OF TABLES   Table 1. Standing or Permanent Committees of Congress .............................  28 Table 2. Select Committees of Congress ........................................................  29 Table 3. Global Reserves and Production of Petroleum.................................  55 Table 4. Oil and Gas Reserves in the Caspian Sea Basin ...............................  58 Table 5. Russian Military Bases and Forces in the Caspian region, 1999......  62 Table 6. U.S. Military and Economic Assistance to the Caspian Basin States  Fiscal Years 1998 – 2000..................................................................  64 Table 7. U.S. Aid to Afghanistan in FY1999 – FY2003 ................................  130 Table 8. U.S. Assistance to Afghanistan, FY 2004 ........................................  131 Table 9. U.S. Aid to Afghanistan, FY 2005....................................................  131             xivLIST OF FIGURES   Figure 1. The Lawmaking Process ...................................................................  31 Figure 2. Afghanistan Map...............................................................................  33 Figure 3. Unocal’s Trans-Afghanistan Oil and Gas Pipeline in Central Asia..  72 Figure 4. The Crashing Plane...........................................................................  87 Figure 5. Which One is the Real Osama bin Laden? .......................................  100 Figure 6. U.S. Military Bases World Wide 2001 – 2003 .................................  119                   xvABSTRACT  Rosida Noor R. C 0301054. 2007. Oil Pipeline Interest behind U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan as Projected in 105th Congress House Hearing Entitled “U.S. Interests In The Central Asian Republics”Held on February 12, 1998.  The research studies the real U.S. government’s intention behind the invasion of Afghanistan in the name of War on Terrorism. It is conducted to explain the way U.S. invasion of Afghanistan post-9/11 attack reflects the U.S. oil pipeline interest as projected in the105th Congress House Hearing entitled U.S. Interests in the Central Asian Republics.  The study is conducted as qualitative study and employs purposive sampling technique. The data is taken from the hearing documentation which can be accessed in the Congress official website and supported by book references, Internet, encyclopedias, and VCD related to the research question of the study. In processing the data, such theories as capitalism, Machiavellianism, and hegemony are applied to arrange a worth analysis.  Result of the study shows that the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in the name of War on Terrorism has reflected the U.S. government’s interest in the poor state to revive the delayed Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAP) as projected in the 105th Congress House Hearing entitled U.S. Interests in the Central Asian Republics held on February 12, 1998. The U.S. government has made use of the 9/11 incident as a gateway to penetrate Afghanistan by shifting the blame on Saudi millionaire Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda living in Afghanistan under auspices of the Taliban. Even though the U.S. government has already discovered that the Jews had plotted the incident to overthrow the new president, George W. Bush, 9/11 is a perfect excuse to launch military action in Afghanistan because the U.S. government had planned the invasion since June 2001.   There is no reason other than remove the uncooperative Taliban regime from power and change them with the new cooperative and internationally recognized government which would serve the U.S. interest in Afghanistan to revive the TAP. The real U.S. government’s intention in the state is proven by the assignment of the TAP deal by three leaders of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and the indefinite presence of the U.S. troops as pipeline police to secure the conflicted Afghanistan. However, the U.S. oil shortages have encouraged the U.S. government to struggle for Central Asia as a new alternative energy source; hence, it would not be a threat for the immense U.S. economy.   Key words : Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAP), 9/11 attack, hearing entitled U.S. Interests in the Central Asian Republics.  

OIL PIPELINE INTEREST BEHIND U.S. INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN

AS PROJECTED IN 105TH CONGRESS HOUSE HEARING ENTITLED

"U.S. INTERESTS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS"

HELD ON FEBRUARY 12, 1998

http://eprints.uns.ac.id/3016/1/70180107200911181.pdf

OIL PIPELINE INTEREST BEHIND U.S. INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN AS PROJECTED IN 105TH CONGRESS HOUSE HEARING ENTITLED "U.S. INTERESTS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS" HELD ON FEBRUARY 12, 1998

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Sebelas Maret Institutional Repository